digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2026.6OXRRUZdigitallaw-628Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИUnited Nations Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Use of Autonomous Weapons SystemsКонвенция Организации Объединенных Наций о запрещении разработки, производства и применения автономных систем вооруженияhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5619-4025БегишевИ. Р.BegishevI. R.

Бегишев Ильдар Рустамович – доктор юридических наук, доцент, заслуженный юрист Республики Татарстан, главный научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского института цифровых технологий и права, профессор кафедры уголовного права и процесса

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420111, Казань, ул. Московская, 42 

Ildar R. Begishev – Dr. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Tatarstan, Chief Researcher of Scientific-Research Institute of Digital Technologies and Law, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure

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42 Moskovskaya Str., 420111 Kazan 

begishev@mail.ruКазанский инновационный университет имени В. Г. ТимирясоваРоссияKazan Innovative University named after V. G. TimiryasovRussian Federation20261004202641125152Copyright © Begishev I.R., 20262026Бегишев И.Р.Begishev I.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/628Objective

Objective: to develop an international legally binding preventive tool establishing a comprehensive ban on the development, production and use of autonomous weapons systems that function without meaningful human control.

Methods

Methods: the research is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining methods of comparative-legal analysis of existing international conventions in the field of disarmament; system modeling of the institutional mechanism of implementation; forecasting potential threats to international security; expert consensus in the field of international humanitarian law; and conceptual design of terminological apparatus for differentiating prohibited autonomous and permissible automated weapons systems through the prism of the meaningful human control doctrine.

Results

Results: the work formed an architecture of international legal regulation, including: a legally strict definition of autonomous weapons systems and the concept of meaningful human control; a system of absolute obligations of participating states to prohibit the development, production, acquisition, transfer and use of autonomous systems; imperative requirements for the destruction of existing systems within an eight-month period; an institutional mechanism for the prohibition of autonomous weapons systems; a multicomponent verification regime covering national declarations, scheduled and unscheduled inspections; procedures for international cooperation and technical assistance; and mechanisms of legal liability for violations of convention obligations.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the work proposes a preventive regime to ban military technologies before their mass deployment, based on the conceptual inadmissibility of delegating decisions on using lethal force to technical systems. This is a qualitatively new approach in the architecture of international disarmament. The category of “meaningful human control”, introduced into scholarly-legal discourse, is characterized by criteria of information sufficiency, the possibility of effective intervention and the establishment of responsibility. This creates a regulatory-legal basis for distinguishing legitimate and prohibited weapons systems under technological convergence of artificial intelligence and the military-industrial complex.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the Convention creates the necessary legal conditions to prevent a potentially destabilizing arms race in the field of autonomous systems; to minimize the risks of uncontrolled escalation of armed conflicts; to eliminate gaps in legal responsibility when using lethal force; and to ensure compliance with the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law under technological transformation of the military sphere. The document can be used by the legislative bodies of states while implementing national measures; the diplomatic corps in international negotiations; international organizations while shaping control standards; defense agencies when developing weapons systems; and the scientific community in the field of legal and technical research.

Цель

Цель: разработать международный юридически обязывающий инструмент превентивного характера, устанавливающий всеобъемлющий запрет на разработку, производство и применение автономных систем вооружения, функционирующих без значимого человеческого контроля.

Методы

Методы: исследование базируется на междисциплинарном подходе, сочетающем методы сравнительно-правового анализа существующих международных конвенций в сфере разоружения, системного моделирования институционального механизма имплементации, прогнозирования потенциальных угроз международной безопасности, экспертного консенсуса в области международного гуманитарного права, а также концептуального конструирования терминологического аппарата для дифференциации запрещенных автономных и допустимых автоматизированных систем вооружения через призму доктрины значимого человеческого контроля.

Результаты

Результаты: сформирована архитектура международно-правового регулирования, включающая: юридически строгую дефиницию автономных систем вооружения и концепцию значимого человеческого контроля; систему абсолютных обязательств государств-участников по запрету разработки, производства, приобретения, передачи и применения автономных систем; императивные требования уничтожения существующих систем в восьмимесячный срок; институциональный механизм организации по запрещению автономных систем вооружения; многокомпонентный верификационный режим, охватывающий национальные декларации, плановые и внеплановые инспекции; процедуры международного сотрудничества и технической помощи; механизмы юридической ответственности за нарушения конвенционных обязательств.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: разработан превентивный режим запрета военных технологий до их массового развертывания, основанный на концептуальном положении о недопустимости делегирования решений о применении смертоносной силы техническим системам, что представляет качественно новый подход в архитектуре международного разоружения. Введена в научно-правовой оборот категория «значимого человеческого контроля», характеризующаяся критериями информационной достаточности, возможности эффективного вмешательства и установления ответственности, что создает нормативную правовую основу для разграничения правомерных и запрещенных систем вооружения в условиях технологической конвергенции искусственного интеллекта и военно-промышленного комплекса.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: конвенция создает необходимые правовые условия для предотвращения потенциально дестабилизирующей гонки вооружений в сфере автономных систем, минимизации рисков неконтролируемой эскалации вооруженных конфликтов, устранения разрывов в цепи юридической ответственности при применении смертоносной силы, обеспечения соблюдения фундаментальных принципов международного гуманитарного права в условиях технологической трансформации военной сферы. Документ предназначен для использования законодательными органами государств при имплементации национальных мер, дипломатическим корпусом в процессе международных переговоров, международными организациями при формировании стандартов контроля, оборонными ведомствами при разработке систем вооружения, научным сообществом в области юридических и технических исследований.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.