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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2026.5</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">KUZIEI</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-627</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Artificial Intelligence and International Space Law: Dual-Use Challenges</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Искусственный интеллект и международное космическое право: вызовы двойного назначения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0896-1722</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коскина</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koskina</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анти Коскина – PhD, адъюнкт-профессор публичного международного права и космического права, кафедра политологии, Школа социальных наук, кампус Галлос; научный сотрудник</p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222100332" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222100332</ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0nrJMDUAAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0nrJMDUAAAAJ</ext-link></p><p>74150, г. Ретимно; Греция, 11810, г. Афины, Лофос Нимфон, а/я 20048 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anthi Koskina – PhD, Adjunct Professor of Public International Law, and Space Law, Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Gallos Campus; Scientific Associate</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222100332 </p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0nrJMDUAAAAJ</p><p>74150 Rethymno, Greece; Lofos Nymphon, PO Box 20048, 11810, Athens </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.koskina@noa.gr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Крита ; Афинская национальная обсерватория<country>Греция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University of Crete ; National Observatory of Athens<country>Greece</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Koskina A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коскина А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koskina A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/627">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/627</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to propose an effective legal mechanism for regulating the use of artificial intelligence in the space sector with a focus on preventing harmful effects and preserving the peaceful and purposeful use of technology.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the research uses the method of comparative legal analysis, doctrinal legal reasoning and scenario analysis of escalation risks. It provides a normative historical analysis of the main treaties of international space law and state practices, comparing them with the approaches of international environmental law focused on achieving specific results. The author additionally relies on the analysis of precedent documents and public policy initiatives illustrating the actual practices of militarization and commercialization of space infrastructure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the study demonstrates that existing international treaty mechanisms do not provide sufficient regulation for dual-use artificial intelligence systems. It identifies gaps in definitions, codification of responsibility, and control mechanisms for autonomous actions. An alternative regulatory approach is proposed, focused not on regulating the technology per se, but on prohibiting specific harmful results (formation of orbital debris, uncontrolled autonomous attacks, signal suppression, etc.). Based on this logic, the author developed a concept of an international agreement with a mandatory annex listing prohibited uses of artificial intelligence and mechanisms for holding states accountable.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: a result-oriented approach to regulating artificial intelligence in space was formalized and justified from a legal point of view, adapting the prohibition model to modern dual-use threats. A typology of prohibited consequences was proposed and correlated with the existing international responsibility institutions.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the proposal may serve as the basis for the development of an international treaty or an add-on to international space law. It provides a tool for national licensing and control, facilitates the coordination of positions between states and private operators, and is aimed at preserving innovation while minimizing risks to the sustainability of space activities.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: предложить эффективный правовой механизм регулирования использования искусственного интеллекта в космической сфере с фокусом на предотвращение вредных последствий и сохранение мирного и полезного применения технологий.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: в исследовании использованы метод сравнительно-правового анализа, доктринальная юридическая аргументация и сценарный анализ рисков эскалации; проведен нормативно-исторический анализ основных договоров международного космического права и практик государств, а также сопоставление с подходами международного экологического права, ориентированными на достижение конкретных результатов. Автор дополнительно опирается на анализ прецедентных документов и публичных политических инициатив, иллюстрирующих реальные практики милитаризации и коммерциализации космической инфраструктуры.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: исследование демонстрирует, что существующие международные договорные механизмы не обеспечивают достаточной регламентации для систем искусственного интеллекта двойного назначения: выявлены пробелы в определениях, кодификации ответственности и механизмах контроля автономных действий. Предложен альтернативный нормативный подход, ориентированный не на регламентацию самой технологии, а на запрет конкретных вредных результатов (образование орбитального мусора, неконтролируемые автономные атаки, подавление сигналов и т. п.). На основе этой логики разработана концепция международного соглашения с обязательным приложением, перечисляющим запрещенные виды использования искусственного интеллекта, и механизмами привлечения государств к ответственности.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: формализован и обоснован с правовой точки зрения результат-ориентированный подход к регулированию искусственного интеллекта в космосе, адаптирующий модель запрещений к современным угрозам двойного назначения; предложена типология запрещенных последствий и связка таких запретов с существующими институтами международной ответственности.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: предложение служит основой для разработки международного договора или надстройки к международному космическому праву, предоставляет инструмент для национального лицензирования и контроля, облегчает согласование позиций государств и частных операторов и направлено на сохранение инноваций при минимизации рисков для устойчивости космической деятельности.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двойное назначение</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>космическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>космический мусор</kwd><kwd>космическое оружие</kwd><kwd>космическое право</kwd><kwd>милитаризация космоса</kwd><kwd>ответственность</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>dual-use</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>militarization of space</kwd><kwd>responsibility</kwd><kwd>space debris</kwd><kwd>space law</kwd><kwd>space security</kwd><kwd>space weapons</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbas, S. 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