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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2025.26</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">uiujcv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-594</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Legal Ethos: Developing Key Performance Indicators for ‘G20 Giants’</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Объяснимый искусственный интеллект и правовые традиции: разработка универсальных ключевых показателей эффективности для стран «Большой двадцатки»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-2985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бхатт</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bhatt</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бхатт Нилкант – PhD, доцент, заведующий кафедрой гражданского строительства.</p><p>360 005, штат Гуджарат, г. Раджкот, ул. Мавди-Канкот</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58919442100</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/KRO-8652-2024</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=L7K-e3IAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Neelkanth Bhatt – PhD, Head of the Department &amp; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College.</p><p>Near Mavdi-Kankot Road, Rajkot, Pin Code 360 005, Gujarat</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58919442100</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/KRO-8652-2024</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=L7K-e3IAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neelkanth78bhatt@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3645-829X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бхатт</surname><given-names>Дж. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bhatt</surname><given-names>J. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бхатт Джайкишен Наталал – бакалавр коммерции, сотрудник службы социального обеспечения в отставке.</p><p>380 009, штат Гуджарат, г. Ахмедабад, ул. Ашрам, Панчдип Бхаван</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jaikishen Nathalal Bhatt – Bachelor of Commerce, Retired Social Security Officer, Employees’ State Insurance Corporation.</p><p>Panchdeep Bhavan, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad, Pin 380 009, Gujarat</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neelkanth.bhatt@gujgov.edu.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный инженерный колледж</institution><country>Индия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Government Engineering College</institution><country>India</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственная корпорация страхования работников</institution><country>Индия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Employees’ State Insurance Corporation</institution><country>India</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>660</fpage><lpage>676</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Bhatt N., Bhatt J.N., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бхатт Н., Бхатт Д.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bhatt N., Bhatt J.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/594">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/594</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to study the “right to explanation” in the context of the PEEC doctrine (public interest, environmental sustainability, economic development, criminal justice) in order to develop key performance indicators reflecting the socio-cultural characteristics of different countries and ensuring adaptability, transparency and cultural relevance in the regulation of explainable artificial intelligence.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the research uses a unique methodological approach that combines the iterative processes of soft systems methodology with a theoretical framework based on the PEEC principles. Such integration makes it possible to comprehensively study the social, economic, political and legal regimes of the ‘G20 Giants’ – the United States of America, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the Republic of India, the Federal Republic of Brazil and the Russian Federation – when designing key performance indicators. The proposed key performance indicators are applicable to assess the transparency and accountability of artificial intelligence systems, simplifying data collection and practical implementation in various cultural contexts. The developed model corresponds to the actual social needs in decision-making using artificial intelligence technologies.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the study proposes a new legal model for regulating explainable artificial intelligence based on a system of key performance indicators. In addition to eliminating the problems of regulating explainable artificial intelligence in various cultural, ethical and legal fields, this model ensures that the system of regulating explainable artificial intelligence properly takes into account anthropocentric aspects, since it is focused on unlocking the true potential of artificial intelligence. The proposed approach promotes the most effective use of artificial intelligence technologies for the benefit of society in the perspective of sustainable development.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the work applies a unique scientific approach that takes into account cultural, ethical, socio-economic and legal differences when developing a legal framework for regulating explainable artificial intelligence. This allows adapting the legal framework to various national conditions, while contributing to responsible management of artificial intelligence with a check-and-balance system.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the results obtained make it possible to use the proposed legal model in the practical activities of government agencies and developers of artificial intelligence systems to ensure transparency and explainability of technologies. Effective adjustment of the proposed key performance indicators, taking into account the specifics of states, will optimize them for universal use. Although all five key performance indicators are relevant for the ‘G20 Giants’, their relative significance depends on the socio-cultural and legal conditions of a particular state. Further research should cover a wider range of issues, including other developed and developing countries, in order to adapt the regulation of explainable artificial intelligence to various national and global requirements.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: изучить концепцию «право на объяснение» в контексте доктрины PEEC (общественные интересы, экологическая устойчивость, экономическое развитие, уголовное правосудие) для разработки ключевых показателей эффективности, отражающих социокультурные особенности различных стран и обеспечивающих адаптивность, прозрачность и культурную релевантность в регулировании объяснимого искусственного интеллекта.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: в исследовании применяется уникальный методологический подход, сочетающий итеративные процессы методологии мягких систем с теоретической базой, основанной на принципах PEEC. Подобная интеграция позволяет комплексно рассмотреть социальные, экономические, политические и правовые режимы крупнейших стран «Большой двадцатки»: Соединенных Штатов Америки, Федеративной Республики Германия, Японии, Республики Индия, Федеративной Республики Бразилия и Российской Федерации – при конструировании ключевых показателей эффективности. Предложенные ключевые показатели эффективности применимы для оценки прозрачности и подотчетности систем искусственного интеллекта, упрощая сбор данных и практическую имплементацию в различных культурных контекстах. Разработанная модель соответствует реальным общественным потребностям в принятии решений с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в исследовании предлагается новая правовая модель регулирования объяснимого искусственного интеллекта, основанная на системе ключевых показателей эффективности. Помимо устранения проблем регулирования объяснимого искусственного интеллекта в различных культурных, этических и правовых областях, данная модель гарантирует, что система регулирования объяснимого искусственного интеллекта должным образом учитывает антропоцентрические аспекты, поскольку ориентирована на раскрытие истинного потенциала искусственного интеллекта. Предложенный подход способствует максимально эффективному использованию технологий искусственного интеллекта на благо общества в перспективе устойчивого развития.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в работе применен уникальный научный подход, учитывающий культурные, этические, социально-экономические и правовые различия при разработке правовой базы для регулирования объяснимого искусственного интеллекта, что позволяет адаптировать ее к различным национальным условиям, одновременно способствуя ответственному управлению искусственным интеллектом с системой сдержек и противовесов.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: полученные результаты позволяют использовать предложенную правовую модель в практической деятельности государственных органов и разработчиков систем искусственного интеллекта для обеспечения прозрачности и объяснимости технологий. Эффективная корректировка предлагаемых ключевых показателей эффективности с учетом специфики конкретных государств позволит оптимизировать их для универсального применения. Хотя все пять ключевых показателей эффективности актуальны для крупнейших стран «Большой двадцатки», их относительная значимость зависит от социокультурных и правовых условий конкретного государства. Дальнейшие исследования должны охватывать более широкий спектр вопросов, включая другие развитые и развивающиеся страны, для адаптации регулирования объяснимого искусственного интеллекта к различным национальным и глобальным требованиям.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>общественные интересы</kwd><kwd>объяснимый искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>прозрачность алгоритмов</kwd><kwd>уголовное правосудие</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>экологическая устойчивость</kwd><kwd>экономическое развитие</kwd><kwd>этика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>algorithmic transparency</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>criminal justice</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>economic development</kwd><kwd>environmental sustainability</kwd><kwd>ethics</kwd><kwd>explainable artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>public interest</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhatt, N. 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