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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2025.23</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">rowsaq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-591</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Multifactor Model of Jurisdiction: Reviewing Locus Delicti in a Decentralized Metaverse</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Многофакторная модель юрисдикции: переосмысление места преступления в децентрализованной метавселенной</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3332-2850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маджумаев</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Madzhumaev</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маджумаев Мурад Мамедович – кандидат юридических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, старший преподаватель кафедры уголовного права, уголовного процесса и криминалистики Юридического института.</p><p>117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58624042900</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ABB-9737-2021</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qpGC84MAAAAJ</p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1212027</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Murad M. Madzhumaev – Cand. Sci. (Law), Leading researcher, Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Criminology, Institute of Law, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba.</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58624042900</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ABB-9737-2021</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qpGC84MAAAAJ</p><p>RSCI Author ID: https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1212027</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">murad.mad@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>570</fpage><lpage>597</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Madzhumaev M.M., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маджумаев М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Madzhumaev M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/591">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/591</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to critically analyze the possibility of extending the existing spatial criminal law principles to acts committed in the decentralized virtual worlds of the metaverse, and to develop proposals that include updating the approach to establishing jurisdiction over such virtual crimes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of general scientific methods and approaches of scientific cognition – dialectical, formal logical (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), systematic, as well as private scientific methods – formal legal, legal modeling, interpretation. The study relies on an analysis of judicial practice, foreign legislation, technical features of blockchain technologies and decentralized autonomous organizations, which makes it possible to identify gaps in legal regulation and propose conceptually new solutions for determining the crime scene in a virtual environment.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the study revealed a limited implementation of the current generally accepted principles of determining jurisdiction in relation to virtual crimes that do not have physical coordinates. The proposed multifactorial jurisdiction model redefines the “crime scene” taking into account factors such as the offender’s digital identity, the nature and location of digital assets, platform management protocols, and the actual damage caused. Assumingly, the immutable and verifiable nature of blockchain transactions can serve as a legal equivalent of a physical presence to establish personal jurisdiction, allowing criminal prosecution to be initiated even in cases where the actual location of the offender remains unknown.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the paper presents an approach that implies the fundamental transformation of reactive, adaptive legal regulation principles into a proactive, comprehensive framework designed specifically for the unique challenges of the metaverse. A paradigm-changing hypothesis was put forward: that a permanent (stable) digital footprint of the offender in virtual spaces can serve to exercise jurisdiction. The model systematically presents the idea of harm as the most important link between virtual offenses and their consequences in the real world.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: it is currently impossible to apply legal norms and rules to relations in the metaverse, taking into account their specifics. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used to improve the mechanisms of legal regulation of the metaverse and to form international protocols on data exchange and mutual legal assistance for searching and collecting evidence based on blockchain technology. They may help to develop legislative initiatives aimed at creating integrated legal mechanisms that are scalable and resistant to rapid technological changes, characteristic for the digital environment.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: провести критический анализ возможности распространения существующих принципов действия уголовного закона в пространстве на деяния, совершенные в децентрализованных виртуальных мирах метавселенной, и разработать предложения, включающие обновление подхода к установлению юрисдикции в отношении таких виртуальных преступлений.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность общенаучных методов и подходов научного познания – диалектический, формально-логический (анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция), системный, а также частно-научные методы – формально-правовой, правовое моделирование, толкование. Исследование опирается на анализ судебной практики, зарубежного законодательства, технических особенностей блокчейн-технологий и децентрализованных автономных организаций, что позволяет выявить пробелы в правовом регулировании и предложить концептуально новые решения для определения места совершения преступления в виртуальной среде.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: выявлена ограниченность реализации существующих общепринятых принципов определения юрисдикции в отношении виртуальных преступлений, которые не имеют физических координат. Предлагаемая многофакторная модель юрисдикции переопределяет «место преступления» с учетом таких факторов, как цифровая идентичность правонарушителя, характер и местонахождение цифровых активов, протоколы управления платформой и причиненный реальный ущерб. Предполагается, что неизменяемый и верифицируемый характер операций в блокчейне может служить своеобразным юридическим эквивалентом физического присутствия для установления персональной юрисдикции, позволяя инициировать уголовное преследование даже в тех случаях, когда фактическое местонахождение правонарушителя остается неизвестным.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в работе изложен подход, предполагающий фундаментальное преобразование реактивных, адаптивных принципов правового регулирования в проактивную, комплексную основу, предназначенную специально для уникальных вызовов метавселенной. Выдвинута меняющая парадигму гипотеза, которая заключается в том, что постоянный (устойчивый) цифровой след правонарушителя в виртуальных пространствах может служить основой для осуществления юрисдикции. В модели системно увязано представление о вреде как важнейшем звене между виртуальными правонарушениями и их последствиями в реальном мире.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: обусловлена отсутствием в настоящее время возможности применения к отношениям в метавселенной правовых норм и правил, учитывающих их специфику. Основные положения и выводы исследования могут быть использованы для совершенствования механизмов правового регулирования метавселенной, формирования международных протоколов об обмене данными и взаимной правовой помощи в вопросах поиска и сбора доказательств, основанных на технологии блокчейн, а также для разработки законодательных инициатив, направленных на создание комплексных правовых механизмов, масштабируемых и устойчивых к быстрым технологическим изменениям, характерным для цифровой среды.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аватар</kwd><kwd>виртуальная реальность</kwd><kwd>дополненная реальность</kwd><kwd>место преступления</kwd><kwd>метавселенная</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>преступление</kwd><kwd>уголовное право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>юрисдикция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>augmented reality</kwd><kwd>avatar</kwd><kwd>crime</kwd><kwd>crime scene</kwd><kwd>criminal law</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>jurisdiction</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>metaverse</kwd><kwd>virtual reality</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-28-01478. https://rscf.ru/project/25-28-01478/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was made under the grant of the Russian Scientific Fund No. 25-28-01478. https://rscf.ru/project/25-28-01478/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Есаков, Г. 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