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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2025.20</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">jqhnur</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-584</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Electronic Evidence as an Independent Legal Phenomenon: Theoretical Framework and European Practice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Электронные доказательства как самостоятельный правовой феномен: теоретические основы и европейская практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-4353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варбанова</surname><given-names>Гергана</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Varbanova</surname><given-names>Gergana</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Варбанова Гергана– PhD, ассистент кафедры права в области национальной безопасности и информационных технологий,</p><p>г. Варна, ул. Василя Друмева, д. 73.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 60021317100;</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: HKP-1334-2023;</p><p>Google Scholar ID: 02-0uFYAAAAJ.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gergana Varbanova – PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of National Security and Information Technology Law, </p><p> </p><p>73 Vasil Drumev Street, Varna.</p><p> </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 60021317100;</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: HKP-1334-2023;</p><p>Google Scholar ID: 02-0uFYAAAAJ.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.varbanova@naval-acad.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Высшее военно-морское училище имени Николы Вапцарова</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>497</fpage><lpage>511</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Varbanova G., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Варбанова Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Varbanova G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/584">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/584</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to develop a new theoretical framework that challenges the traditional classification of electronic evidence as a subtype of material evidence and suggests considering it as a qualitatively new legal phenomenon with its own independent legal nature in the context of applicable European legislation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the work uses the doctrinal method for the legal analysis of applicable European legislation, including Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 and Regulation (EU) 910/2014 (eIDAS), as well as their direct application in the national legal systems of the European Union member states. A comparative legal approach was used to identify differences between theoretical views and case law. A technological analysis of digital information was performed; specific examples were explained to illustrate the problems associated with the collection and use of electronic evidence within the European legislation framework.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the author proposes a new doctrinal understanding of electronic evidence as an independent category that differs from traditional material evidence in its digital nature and specific characteristics. The introduction of European regulations requires rethinking the legal nature of electronic evidence as a qualitatively different legal phenomenon. It was established that treating electronic evidence as material one creates a risk of legal uncertainty, while the lack of appropriate legal regulation hinders effective law enforcement.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: for the first time, the research proposes to overcome the established paradigm and identify electronic evidence as an independent legal category in the system of evidence types. The article substantiates the unique digital nature of electronic evidence and the need to create an independent legal framework in various national legislations. It is proposed to improve scientific terminology using the term “electronic evidence”, which corresponds to the legal definitions in the legislation under study, instead of the outdated term “digital evidence”.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the work contains specific practical recommendations for the use of electronic evidence in the procedures for its identification, storage, presentation and analysis in various court proceedings in accordance with applicable supranational legislation. The research helps to overcome outdated ideas about the legal nature of electronic evidence and their incorrect identification with material evidence. This is important for effective law enforcement in the European Union member states.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: исследование направлено на разработку новой теоретической основы, которая бросает вызов традиционной классификации элект­ронных доказательств как подвида вещественных доказательств и предлагает рассматривать их как качественно новый правовой феномен с собственной независимой правовой природой в контексте применимого европейского законодательства.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: в работе применяется доктринальный метод для юридического анализа применимых европейских нормативных актов, включая Регламент (ЕС) 2023/1543 и Регламент (ЕС) 910/2014 (eIDAS), и их непосредственного применения в национальных правовых системах государств – членов Европейского cоюза. Для выявления различий между теоретическими взглядами и прецедентным правом используется сравнительно-правовой подход. Проводится технологический анализ цифровой информации и поясняются конкретные примеры, иллюстрирующие проблемы, связанные со сбором и использованием электронных доказательств в рамках европейского законодательства.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: автор предлагает новое доктринальное понимание электронных доказательств как самостоятельной категории доказательств, отличающейся от традиционных вещественных доказательств цифровой природой и специфическими характеристиками. Внедрение европейских регламентов требует переосмысления правовой природы электронных доказательств как качественно отличного правового явления. Установлено, что отношение к электронным доказательствам как к вещественным создает риск правовой неопределенности, а отсутствие соответствующего правового регулирования препятствует эффективному правоприменению.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в исследовании впервые предлагается преодолеть устоявшуюся парадигму и выделить электронные доказательства как самостоятельную правовую категорию в системе видов доказательств. Обосновывается уникальная цифровая природа электронных доказательств и необходимость создания независимой правовой базы в различных национальных законодательствах. Предложено совершенствование научной терминологии с использованием термина «электронные доказательства», соответствующего юридическим определениям в рассматриваемых нормативных правовых актах, вместо устаревшего термина «цифровые доказательства».</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: работа содержит конкретные рекомендации практического характера для использования электронных доказательств в процедурах их идентификации, хранения, представления и анализа в различных судебных разбирательствах в соответствии с применимым наднациональным законодательством. Исследование способствует преодолению устаревших представлений о правовой природе электронных доказательств и их неверного отождествления с вещественными доказательствами, что имеет важное значение для эффективного правоприменения в государствах – членах Европейского cоюза.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутентичность</kwd><kwd>вещественные доказательства</kwd><kwd>доказательства</kwd><kwd>европейское законодательство</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>процессуальные действия</kwd><kwd>судебное разбирательство</kwd><kwd>цифровая информация</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>электронные доказательства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>authenticity</kwd><kwd>digital information</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>electronic evidence</kwd><kwd>European legislation</kwd><kwd>evidence</kwd><kwd>judicial procedure</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>material evidence</kwd><kwd>procedure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-E’mari, S., Sanjalawe, Y., Makhadmeh, S., &amp; Alqudah, H. 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