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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2025.19</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">bvlgsu</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-583</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Techno-Ethical and Legal Aspects of Cyberbullying: Structural Analysis of Power Imbalances in the Digital Sphere</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Техноэтические и правовые аспекты киберзапугивания: структурный анализ дисбаланса сил в цифровой среде</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-3583</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спайропулос</surname><given-names>Фотиос</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spyropoulos</surname><given-names>Fotios</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Спайропулос Фотиос – научный сотрудник, PhD, доцент в области уголовного права и криминалистики, факультет права; старший партнер,</p><p>Кипр, 28008, г. Никосия, ул. Ламиас, д. 4-6;</p><p>Греция, 11474, г. Афины, Александрас авеню, д. 81</p><p>Google Scholar ID: iKQYLWoAAAAJ.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fotios Spyropoulos – PostDoc, PhD, Associate Professor of Criminal Law &amp; Criminology, Faculty of Law; Senior Partner</p><p>4-6 Lamias Street, 2001, P.O. Box 28008, Nicosia, Cyprus;</p><p>Alexandras Avenue 81, 11474, Athens, Greece</p><p>Google Scholar ID: iKQYLWoAAAAJ.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fspyropoulos@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Филипс; Юридическая компания Spyropoulos Law Firm</institution><country>Кипр</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Philips University; Spyropoulos Law Firm</institution><country>Cyprus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>472</fpage><lpage>496</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Spyropoulos F., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Спайропулос Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Spyropoulos F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/583">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/583</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to conceptualize cyberbullying from the viewpoint of law and technoethics; to analyze the power imbalance in the digital environment as a fundamental factor of causing harm online.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the work uses a conceptual and analytical methodology based on an interdisciplinary analysis of the theoretical provisions of law, technoethics, philosophy of technology, and social psychology. The methodological tools are complemented by constructing unique conceptual models through analyzing the structural factors of the digital space, developing causal relationships and creating a taxonomy of cyberbullying forms. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of regulatory approaches of different jurisdictions and the identification of gaps in existing legal norms.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the research established that cyberbullying is a complex multilevel phenomenon that occurs at the intersection of the architectural features of digital platforms, the asymmetry of technological competencies between participants in interactions, and the systemic fragmentation of legislative regulation. It identified the critical gaps in key international legal instruments, manifested in the lack of unified definitions of cyberbullying, insufficiently elaborated mechanisms for cross-border cooperation, and irrelevant addressing of the digital environment specifics. The author analyzed the fundamental ethical issues related to automated content moderation based on machine learning algorithms, the distribution of responsibility between platforms, government regulators and individual users, and the contradictions between ensuring security and maintaining user autonomy. Four main types of power imbalances were identified: technological, informational, social, and institutional; each of them requires specific strategies to overcome.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article proposed a comprehensive approach to analyzing cyberbullying as a structurally determined abuse of digital power through the prism of technoethics. The developed conceptual models provide new tools for understanding the distributed nature of responsibility in the digital ecosystem and forming ethically sound prevention strategies. The author introduced a concept of information misuse as a central mechanism of systematic abuse of power in the digital environment.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the research is aimed at legal scholars, public officials, and digital platform developers. It offers practical solutions in the fields such as ethical audit of algorithms, creation of hybrid moderation systems involving artificial intelligence and humans, formation of international task forces, and development of human rights-based principles of digital literacy. The author’s proposals may help to create a safer, more accountable and inclusive digital environment for all participants.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: исследование направлено на концептуализацию понятия киберзапугивания с точки зрения права, техноэтики и анализ дисбаланса сил в цифровом пространстве как основополагающего фактора причинения вреда в Cети.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: в работе применяется концептуально-аналитическая методология, базирующаяся на междисциплинарном анализе теоретических положений права, техноэтики, философии технологий и социальной психологии. Методологический инструментарий дополнен построе­нием оригинальных концептуальных моделей на основе анализа структурных факторов цифрового пространства, разработкой схем причинно-следственных связей и созданием таксономии форм киберзапугивания. Особое внимание уделено компаративному анализу регулятивных подходов различных юрисдикций и выявлению пробелов в существующих правовых нормах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: установлено, что киберзапугивание представляет собой сложный многоуровневый феномен, возникающий на пересечении архитектурных особенностей цифровых платформ, асимметрии технологических компетенций между участниками интеракций и системной фрагментированности законодательного регулирования. Выявлены критические пробелы в ключевых международных правовых инструментах, проявляющиеся в отсутствии унифицированных определений киберзапугивания, недостаточной проработке механизмов трансграничного сотрудничества и нерелевантном учете специфики цифровой среды. Проанализированы фундаментальные этические вопросы, связанные с автоматизированной модерацией контента на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения, проблематикой распределения ответственности между платформами, государственными регуляторами и индивидуальными пользователями, а также противоречиями между обеспечением безопасности и сохранением пользовательской автономии. Выделены четыре основных типа дисбаланса сил: технологический, информационный, социальный и институциональный, каждый из которых требует специфических стратегий преодоления.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: впервые предложен комплексный подход к анализу киберзапугивания как структурно обусловленного злоупотребления цифровой властью через призму техноэтики. Разработанные концептуальные модели представляют новые инструменты для понимания распределенной природы ответственности в цифровой экосистеме и формирования этически обоснованных стратегий профилактики. Введена концепция неправомерного использования информации как центрального механизма систематического злоупотребления властью в цифровой среде.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: результаты исследования адресованы ученым-правоведам, государственным деятелям и разработчикам цифровых платформ, предлагая практические решения в области этического аудита алгоритмов, создания гибридных систем модерации с участием искусственного интеллекта и человека, формирования международных целевых групп и развития, основанных на правах человека принципов цифровой грамотности. Предложения автора направлены на создание более безопасной, подотчетной и инклюзивной цифровой среды для всех участников.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алгоритмическая прозрачность</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>киберзапугивание</kwd><kwd>международное сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>технологическая грамотность</kwd><kwd>цифровая безопасность</kwd><kwd>цифровые платформы</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>этика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>algorithmic transparency</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>cyberbullying</kwd><kwd>digital platforms</kwd><kwd>digital security</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>ethics</kwd><kwd>international cooperation</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>technological literacy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., &amp; Simon, T. R. 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