digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2025.10ifibfodigitallaw-543Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИTechnology Transfer in the Era of Military Conflict: Legal Challenges for International Trade and International Humanitarian LawПередача технологий в эпоху военных конфликтов: правовые вызовы для международной торговли и международного гуманитарного праваhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-9128-1526БхаскарН.BhaskarN.

Бхаскар Ниша – магистр права, научный сотрудник, Национальный юридический университет Западной Бенгалии

Адрес: Индия, Западная Бенгалия, Калькутта 700098, Солт Лейк, сектор III, блок 12 LB

Nisha Bhaskar – LLM, Researcher

Address: 12 LB Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, West Bengal, India

nishabhaskar414@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-6929МагогеДж. С.MagogeJ. S.

Магоге Джексон Симанго – магистр права в области корпоративного и коммерческого права, ассистент преподавателя, факультет гуманитарных и общественных наук, Национальный институт транспорта

Адрес: Танзания г. Дар-эс-Салам, P.O. Box 705, Убунго, Мабибо

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8FERpVoAAAAJ

Jackson Simango Magoge – LLM (Corporate and Commercial Law), Assistant Lecturer, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences

Address: Mabibo, Ubungo, P.O. Box 705, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8FERpVoAAAAJ

simangojackson@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-0575ХашимиС. К.HashimyS. Q.

Хашими Саид Кудрат – PhD, магистр права в области международного права, научный сотрудник в области права, факультет правоведения

Адрес: Индия, 570005, г. Майсур, Манасаганготри

Sayed Qudrat Hashimy – PhD Scholar, LLM (International Law), Research Scholar (Law), Department of Studies in Law

Address: Manasagangotri, Mysore 570005, India

sayedqudrathashim@law.uni-mysore.ac.inНациональный юридический университет Западной БенгалииИндияWest Bengal National University of Juridical SciencesIndiaНациональный институт транспортаТанзанияNational Institute of TransportUnited Republic of TanzaniaМайсурский университетИндияUniversity of MysoreIndia20250607202532222258Copyright © Bhaskar N., Magoge J.S., Hashimy S.Q., 20252025Бхаскар Н., Магоге Д.С., Хашими С.К.Bhaskar N., Magoge J.S., Hashimy S.Q.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/543Objective

Objective: to identify the complex relations between international trade and military law in the context of technology transfer; to analyze the legal implications of technology transfers for international humanitarian law in order to clarify the impact of technology transfer in international trade on the warfare means regulation and identify legal gaps in existing international conventions.

Methods

Methods: the study uses a comprehensive legal analysis of international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Hague Conventions, and modern international agreements in the field of trade and technology. The authors used comparative legal method to study the national legislations of various states and a systematic approach to analyze the interaction of international humanitarian law and international trade law.

Results

Results: the study revealed significant legal gaps in regulating the transfer of dual-use technologies during wartime. It was established that modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems and cybernetic means, create a regulatory vacuum that undermines the effectiveness of existing international conventions. A significant technological gap between the Global North and South was demonstrated.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the work is the first comprehensive study of technology evolution in the context of international humanitarian law, with an emphasis on the need to develop special regulatory mechanisms. The authors present a conceptual model for the integration of technology transfer norms into the system of international disarmament treaties, taking into account the principles of proportionality and distinction.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the study proposes specific amendments to the articles of the Geneva Conventions, including the modification of Article 35(2) of Additional Protocol I to include new technologies and extend the requirements of Article 36 regarding legal reviews of technological transfers. The recommendations developed can serve as a basis for creating international monitoring mechanisms and increasing transparency in the field of military technology transfer.

Цель

Цель: настоящее исследование направлено на выявление сложных взаимосвязей между международной торговлей и военным правом в контексте передачи технологий, а также на анализ правовых последствий технологических трансферов для международного гуманитарного права с целью прояснения влияния передачи технологий в международной торговле на регулирование средств ведения войны и определения правовых пробелов в существующих международных конвенциях.

Методы

Методы: в исследовании применяется комплексный правовой анализ международных документов, включая Женевские конвенции и дополнительные протоколы к ним, Гаагские конвенции, а также современные международные соглашения в области торговли и технологий. Использован сравнительно-правовой метод для изучения национальных законодательств различных государств, а также системный подход к анализу взаимодействия норм международного гуманитарного права и международного торгового права.

Результаты

Результаты: исследование выявило существенные правовые пробелы в регулировании передачи технологий двойного назначения в военное время. Установлено, что современные технологии, включая искусственный интеллект, автономные системы вооружений и кибернетические средства, создают регулятивный вакуум, который подрывает эффективность существующих международных конвенций. Продемонстрирован значительный технологический разрыв между странами Глобального Севера и Юга.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: работа представляет первое комплексное исследование эволюции технологий в контексте международного гуманитарного права с акцентом на необходимость разработки специальных механизмов регулирования. Предложена концептуальная модель интеграции норм передачи технологий в систему международных договоров о разоружении с учетом принципов пропорциональности и различия.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: исследование предлагает конкретные поправки к статьям Женевских конвенций, включая модификацию статьи 35(2) Дополнительного протокола I для включения новых технологий и расширение требований ст. 36 относительно правовых обзоров технологических трансферов. Разработанные рекомендации могут служить основой для создания международных механизмов мониторинга и повышения прозрачности в сфере передачи военных технологий.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.