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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2025.8</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ypsxqo</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Criminal-Legal Issues of Countering Crime in the Metaverse: Current State and Prospects of Development</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уголовно-правовые проблемы противодействия преступности в метавселенной: современное состояние и перспективы развития</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-2765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефремова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efremova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ефремова Марина Александровна – доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой уголовно-правовых дисциплин Казанского филиала Российского государственного университета правосудия имени В. М. Лебедева</p><p>Адрес: 420088, Россия, г. Казань, ул. 2-я Азинская, 7а</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57189299773 WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/rid/E-6250-2016 Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mLPofnMAAAAJ РИНЦ Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=630526</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Efremova – Dr. Sci. (Law), Professor, Head of the Department of Criminal-legal Disciplines, Kazan branch of Lebedev Russian State University of Justice</p><p>Address: 7a 2nd Azinskaya Str., 420088 Kazan, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57189299773 </p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/rid/E-6250-2016 </p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mLPofnMAAAAJ </p><p>RSCI Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=630526</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">crimlaw16@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-8258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русскевич</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Russkevich</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Русскевич Евгений Александрович – доктор юридических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры уголовного права</p><p>Адрес: 125993, Россия, г. Москва, ул. Садовая-Кудринская, 9</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57919310600  </p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/2510065 </p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=rwKPImIAAAAJ </p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=539093</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy A. Russkevich – Dr. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Kutafin Moscow State Law University</p><p>Address: 9 Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Str., 125993 Moscow, Russia</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57919310600 WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/2510065 Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=rwKPImIAAAAJ RSCI Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=539093</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">russkevich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский государственный университет правосудия имени В. М. Лебедева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lebedev Russian State University of Justice</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный юридический университет имени О. Е. Кутафина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kutafin Moscow State Law University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Efremova M.A., Russkevich E.A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ефремова М.А., Русскевич Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Efremova M.A., Russkevich E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/538">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/538</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to conduct a comprehensive analysis of criminal-legal risks arising in the development of the metaverse as a new digital space of social interaction; to define the concept of the metaverse and assess the possibilities of countering criminal activity in this environment by means of criminal law.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the research methodology consists of the dialectical method of scientific cognition, analysis, synthesis, and a set of specific legal methods. A systematic approach was applied to study legal phenomena in the digital environment; a comparative legal method was used to analyze foreign experience, and a formal legal method – to interpret regulations and doctrinal provisions.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: it has been established that the metaverse attractiveness for various forms of criminal activity is largely due to the user anonymity and the lack of a clear legal regime. The study showed that numerous crimes are already being committed on the metaverse platforms. These include socially dangerous acts related to the dissemination of criminogenic and traumatic information, theft of digital property, criminal money laundering, and attacks against the sexual integrity of a person. The authors identify systemic problems of countering crime in the metaverse, including territorial jurisdiction, user identification, and procedural difficulties of proof.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: a comprehensive analysis of the criminal-legal aspects of the metaverse functioning was performed. The article formulated theoretical approaches to the qualification of crimes committed in the virtual space. The work substantiates the need to develop special legal structures for regulating relations in the metaverse. The authors proposed a concept of a multidimensional model of legal protection of relations in the metaverse based on public-private partnership.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the study results can be used in improving criminal legislation in terms of regulating responsibility for crimes committed in the digital space. The work may help to develop the concept of legal regulation of the metaverse and to create mechanisms for public-private partnership in the field of countering cybercrime. The findings are relevant for law enforcement practice in the investigation of crimes committed using virtual reality technologies.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: исследование направлено на комплексный анализ уголовно-правовых рисков, возникающих в контексте развития метавселенной как нового цифрового пространства социального взаимодействия, определение понятия метавселенной и оценку возможностей противодействия преступной деятельности в данной среде средствами уголовного права.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: методологию исследования составили диалектический метод научного познания, методы анализа и синтеза, а также совокупность специальных юридических методов. Применялся системный подход к изучению правовых явлений в цифровой среде, сравнительно-правовой метод для анализа зарубежного опыта, формально-юри­дический – для толкования нормативных актов и доктринальных положений.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: установлено, что привлекательность метавселенной для различных форм преступной деятельности в значительной степени обусловлена анонимностью пользователей и отсутствием четкого правового режима. Исследование показало, что на платформах метавселенной уже совершаются многочисленные преступления: общественно опасные деяния, связанные с распространением криминогенной и психотравмирующей информации, хищения цифрового имущества, преступная легализация доходов, посягательства против половой неприкосновенности личности. Выявлены системные проблемы противодействия преступности в метавселенной, включая территориальную юрисдикцию, идентификацию пользователей и процессуальные сложности доказывания.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: проведен комплексный анализ уголовно-правовых аспектов функционирования метавселенной. Сформулированы теоретические подходы к квалификации преступлений, совершаемых в виртуальном пространстве, обоснована необходимость разработки специальных правовых конструкций для регулирования отношений в метавселенной. Предложена концепция многомерной модели правовой охраны отношений в метавселенной, основанной на государственно-частном партнерстве.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: результаты исследования могут быть использованы при совершенствовании уголовного законодательства в части регламентации ответственности за преступления, совершае­мые в цифровом пространстве, разработке концепции правового регулирования метавселенной, создании механизмов государственно-частного партнерства в сфере противодействия киберпреступности. Полученные выводы актуальны для правоприменительной практики при расследовании преступлений, совершенных с использованием технологий виртуальной реальности.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аватар</kwd><kwd>виртуальность</kwd><kwd>киберпреступность</kwd><kwd>криминология</kwd><kwd>метавселенная</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>преступность</kwd><kwd>уголовная ответственность</kwd><kwd>уголовное право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>avatar</kwd><kwd>crime</kwd><kwd>criminal law</kwd><kwd>criminal liability</kwd><kwd>criminology</kwd><kwd>cybercrime</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>metaverse</kwd><kwd>virtuality</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бегишев, И. Р., Денисович, В. В., Сабитов, Р. А., Пасс, А. А., Скоробогатов, А. В. (2023). 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