digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2025.7egkppndigitallaw-513Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Balancing Innovation, Ethics, and Human Rights ProtectionИскусственный интеллект в здравоохранении: баланс инноваций, этики и защиты прав человекаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3111-9843КоррейяП. М. А. Р.CorreiaP. M. A. R.

Коррейя Педро Мигель Алвес Рибейро – PhD в области общественных наук (государственное управление), приглашенный доцент, юридический факультет; приглашенный профессор, ICET/CUA/UFMT, Барра до Гарсас

3004-528, г. Коимбра, Патио да Универсидаде

Бразилия, 78605-091, Авенида Валдон Варжан, 6390, Барра до Гарсас – MT, CEP

Pedro Miguel Alves Ribeiro Correia – PhD in Social Sciences (Specialty in Public Administration), Invited Associate Professor, Faculty of Law; Visiting Full Professor, ICET/CUA/UFMT, Barra do Garças

Pátio da Universidade, 3004-528 Coimbra

Avenida ValdonVarjão, n. 6390, Barra do Garças – MT, CEP: 78605-091, Brazil

pcorreia@fd.uc.pthttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-5140ПедроР. Л. Д.PedroR. L. D.

Рикардо Лопес Динис Педро – PhD в области права, научный сотрудник, Лиссабонский исследовательский центр в области публичного права, юридический факультет

1649-014, г. Лиссабон, Аламеда де Универсидаде

Ricardo Lopes Dinis Pedro – PhD (Law), Researcher, Lisbon Public Law Research Centre, Faculty of Law

Alameda da Universidade, 1649-014 Lisbon

ricardopedro@fd.ulisboa.pthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-2557ВидейраС.VideiraS.

Сусана Видейра – PhD в области права, доцент, юридический факультет; координатор по науке и образованию

1649-014, г. Лиссабон, Аламеда де Универсидаде

1500-210, г. Лиссабон, Эстрада да Коррейя, 53

Susana Videira – PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Faculty of Law; Scientific and Pedagogical Coordinator, Law Degree and the Master’s Degree in Judicial Law

Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-014 Lisbon

 Estrada da Correia, n.º 53, 1500-210, Lisbon

susanavideira@fd.ulisboa.ptКоимбрский университетПортугалияUniversity of CoimbraPortugalЛиссабонский университетПортугалияUniversity of LisbonPortugalЛиссабонский университет; Европейский университет в ЛиссабонеПортугалияUniversity of Lisbon; European UniversityPortugal20252703202531143–180Copyright © Correia P., Pedro R., Videira S., 20252025Коррейя П., Педро Р., Видейра С.Correia P., Pedro R., Videira S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/513Objective

Objective: to identify key ethical, legal and social challenges related to the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare; to develop recommendations for creating adaptive legal mechanisms that can ensure a balance between innovation, ethical regulation and the protection of fundamental human rights. 

Methods

Methods: a multidimensional methodological approach was implemented, integrating classical legal analysis methods with modern tools of comparative jurisprudence. The study covers both the fundamental legal regulation of digital technologies in the medical field and the in-depth analysis of the ethical, legal and social implications of using artificial intelligence in healthcare. Such an integrated approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the issues and well-grounded conclusions about the development prospects in this area.

Results

Results: has revealed a number of serious problems related to the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. These include data bias, nontransparent complex algorithms, and privacy violation risks. These problems can undermine public confidence in artificial intelligence technologies and exacerbate inequalities in access to health services. The authors conclude that the integration of artificial intelligence into healthcare should take into account fundamental rights, such as data protection and non-discrimination, and comply with ethical standards.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the work proposes effective mechanisms to reduce risks and maximize the potential of artificial intelligence under crises. Special attention is paid to regulatory measures, such as the impact assessment provided for by the Artificial Intelligence Act. These measures play a key role in identifying and minimizing the risks associated with high-risk artificial intelligence systems, ensuring compliance with ethical standards and protection of fundamental rights.

Practical significance

Practical significance: adaptive legal mechanisms were developed, that support democratic norms and respond promptly to emerging challenges in public healthcare. The proposed mechanisms allow achieving a balance between using artificial intelligence for crisis management and human rights. This helps to build confidence in artificial intelligence systems and their sustained positive impact on public healthcare.

Цель

Цель: определить ключевые этические, правовые и социальные вызовы, связанные с использованием искусственного интеллекта в здравоохранении, а также разработать рекомендации для создания адаптивных правовых механизмов, способных обеспечить баланс между инновациями, этическим регулированием и защитой фундаментальных прав человека. 

Методы

Методы: в ходе исследования был реализован многоаспектный методологический подход, интегрирующий классические правовые методы анализа с современными инструментами сравнительного правоведения. Данное исследование охватывает как фундаментальные основы правового регулирования цифровых технологий в медицинской сфере, так и глубокий анализ этических, правовых и социальных импликаций внедрения искусственного интеллекта в систему здравоохранения. Такой комплексный подход позволил обеспечить всестороннее понимание проблематики и сформировать обоснованные выводы относительно перспектив развития данной области.

Результаты

Результаты: выявлен ряд серьезных проблем, связанных с использованием искусственного интеллекта в здравоохранении. К ним относятся необъективность данных, непрозрачность сложных алгоритмов и риски нарушения неприкосновенности частной жизни. Эти проблемы могут подорвать доверие общества к технологиям искусственного интеллекта и усугубить неравенство в доступе к медицинским услугам. Авторы приходят к выводу, что интеграция искусственного интеллекта в систему здравоохранения должна осуществляться с учетом фундаментальных прав, таких как защита данных и запрет дискриминации, а также соответствовать этическим нормам. 

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: состоит в предложении эффективных механизмов управления для снижения рисков и максимизации потенциала искусственного интеллекта в кризисных ситуациях. Особое внимание уделяется регулятивным мерам, таким как оценка влияния, предусмотренная Законом об искусственном интеллекте. Эти меры играют ключевую роль в выявлении и минимизации рисков, связанных с высокорисковыми системами искусственного интеллекта, обеспечивая соблюдение этических норм и защиту основных прав.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: заключается в разработке адаптивных правовых механизмов, которые поддерживают демократические нормы и оперативно реагируют на возникающие вызовы в области общественного здравоохранения. Предложенные механизмы позволяют достичь баланса между использованием искусственного интеллекта для управления кризисными ситуациями и сохранением прав человека. Это способствует укреплению доверия к системам искусственного интеллекта и их устойчивому положительному влиянию на общественное здравоохранение.

защита данныхздравоохранениеискусственный интеллектправа человекаправоправовое регулированиепредиктивная аналитикафундаментальные праваэтикаэтическое регулированиеartificial intelligencedata protectionethical regulationethicsfundamental rightshealthcarehuman rightslawlegal regulationpredictive analyticsУчастие автора Рикардо Лопес Динис Педро частично финансировалось Фондом науки и технологий Португалии (Foundation for Science and Technology, FCT) в рамках проекта UIDP/04310/2020. Исследование также было поддержано тем же Фондом в рамках проекта UIDB/04643/2020.Regarding the participation of the Author Ricardo Pedro, it should be noted that, to the exact extent of his participation, the work is financed (or partially financed) by national funds through FCT–Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the project UIDP/04310/2020. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.