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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.46</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">NNFTQI</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-489</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Countering Cyberattacks: Gaps in International Law and Prospects for Overcoming them</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Противодействие кибератакам: пробелы международного права и перспективы их преодоления</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9764-5450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахман</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мохаммад Минхазур Рахман – магистр права, преподаватель, кафедра права</p><p>Бангладеш, 1461, г. Дакка, Канчан, Саут Пурбачал</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohammad Minhazur Rahman – LLM, Lecturer, Department of Law </p><p>South Purbachal, Kanchan, Dhaka-1461, Bangladesh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sabitminhaz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-8947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дас</surname><given-names>Т. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Das</surname><given-names>T. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тапос Кумар Дас – магистр права, доцент, кафедра права и юстиции; кандидат на соискание степени PhD, Школа права </p><p>Бангладеш, 1342, г. Дакка, Савар; Гонконг, Коулун, Коулун Тонг, Тат Чи Авеню, 83</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tapos Kumar Das – LLM, Associate Professor, Department of Law &amp; Justice, Jahangirnagar University; PhD Student, School of Law, City University of Hong Kong</p><p>Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh; 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">taposlaw@juniv.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный университет Бангладеш</institution><country>Бангладеш</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State University of Bangladesh</institution><country>Bangladesh</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Джахангирнагарский университет; Городской университет Гонконга</institution><country>Бангладеш</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Jahangirnagar University; City University of Hong Kong</institution><country>Bangladesh</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>973</fpage><lpage>1002</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rahman M.M., Das T.K., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рахман М.М., Дас Т.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rahman M.M., Das T.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/489">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/489</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to categorize cyber attacks in the national and international legal sytems and to define legal measures to counter them at the international level.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: include doctrinal legal analysis, formal legal, comparative legal methods, synthesis, induction, deduction, as well as methods of legal forecasting and modeling. International legal documents and acts of national legislation, judicial precedents, and doctrinal sources were studied.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the article defines the legal consequences of cyberattacks, identifies difficulties in determining and holding individuals and organizations accountable for their commission, identifies national measures to counter cyberattacks based on the principle of proportionality, and systematizes the international legal framework for responding to cyberattacks. The main focus is on the urgent problems of identifying and verifying cyber weapons, establishing international standards for their use, developing methods of disarmament or limiting offensive cyber capabilities. The authors raise the issue of ensuring humanitarian activities, protecting critical infrastructure and the population through cybersecurity measures in wartime. The legal framework is analyzed; gaps and other defects are identified in the current regulation of exercising jurisdiction in such areas of cyber activity as international transactions, data localization and extraterritorial enforcement of national legislation. The parameters were developed and described within which states may conduct proactive cyber operations to prevent or deter cyberattacks (cyber countermeasures). The main parameters are due diligence, legal decisions on using cyber countermeasures, proportionality of protection measures to the consequences of illegal actions.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: this is due to the progressive solutions in the field of international legal regulation of cyber countermeasures by states responding to cybercrime. The solutions are formulated taking into account the impact of the countermeasures on human and civil rights and freedoms, including the right to privacy and freedom of speech.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the research results can be used to develop and improve international legal instruments in the field of combating cyberattacks and ensuring cybersecurity, and can serve as a model for national legislators when designing law-making solutions to counter cybercrime.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: категорирование кибератак в национальном и международном правопорядках и определение юридических мер противодействия им на международном уровне.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: представлены доктринальным юридическим анализом, формально-юридическим, сравнительно-правовым методами, синтезом, индукцией, дедукцией, а также методикой правового прогнозирования и моделирования. Исследованию подверглись международно-правовые документы и акты национального законодательства, судебные прецеденты, доктринальные источники.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в статье определены юридические последствия кибератак, выявлены трудности определения и привлечения лиц и организаций к ответственности за их совершение, обозначены национальные меры противодействия кибератакам на основе принципа пропорциональности, систематизированы международно-правовые основы реагирования на кибератаки. Основное внимание в работе уделено актуальным проблемам выявления и проверки кибероружия, установления международных стандартов его использования, разработки методов разоружения или ограничения наступательных кибервозможностей. Поставлен вопрос обеспечения гуманитарной деятельности, защиты важнейших объектов инфраструктуры, а также населения с помощью мер кибербезопасности в военное время. Проанализированы правовые основы и выявлены пробелы и иные дефекты действующего регулирования в осуществлении юрисдикции в таких областях кибердеятельности, как международные операции, локализация данных и экстерриториальное исполнение национального законодательства. Разработаны и описаны параметры, в рамках которых государства вправе проводить упреждающие кибероперации для предотвращения или сдерживания кибератак (киберконтрмеры), основными из которых являются проявление должной осмотрительности, законность принятии решения о применении киберконтрмер, соразмерность защиты от последствий совершения противоправных действий.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: обусловлена представленными в статье прогрессивными решениями в области международно-правового регулирования принятия государствами киберконтрмер в ответ на киберпреступления, сформулированными с учетом влияния обозначенных мер противодействия на права и свободы человека и гражданина, в том числе такие как право на неприкосновенность частной жизни и свобода слова.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: результаты проведенного исследования могут быть взяты за основу при разработке и совершенствовании международно-правовых инструментов в области борьбы с кибератаками и обеспечения кибербезопасности, а также могут послужить образцом для национального законодателя при проектировании правотворческих решений противодействия киберпреступлениям.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кибератака</kwd><kwd>киберпреступность</kwd><kwd>международная конвенция</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>принцип должной осмотрительности</kwd><kwd>принцип соразмерности</kwd><kwd>принципы международного права</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyberattack</kwd><kwd>cybercrime</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>international convention</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>legal liability</kwd><kwd>principle of due diligence</kwd><kwd>principle of proportionality</kwd><kwd>principles of international law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrew, J., &amp; Bernard, F. 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