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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.31</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">chpesp</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-471</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Using Artificial Intelligence in Employment: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование искусственного интеллекта при найме работников: проблемы и перспективы правового регулирования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-5357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Д. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новиков Денис Александрович – кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры трудового и социального права</p><p>199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7–9</p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57218897105" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57218897105 </ext-link> </p><p>WoS Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/CAA-7871-2022" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/CAA-7871-2022 </ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gEjH4S4AAAAJ</p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1149154</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis A. Novikov – Cand. Sci. (Law), Associate Professor, Department of Labor and Social Law</p><p>7–9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57218897105  </p><p>WoS Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/CAA-7871-2022" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/CAA-7871-2022 </ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gEjH4S4AAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gEjH4S4AAAAJ</ext-link> </p><p>RSCI Author ID: https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1149154</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.novikov@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>611</fpage><lpage>635</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Novikov D.A., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Новиков Д.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Novikov D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/471">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/471</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to identify the legal problems of using artificial intelligence in hiring employees and the main directions of solving them.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: formal-legal analysis, comparative-legal analysis, legal forecasting, legal modeling, synthesis, induction, deduction.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: a number of legal problems arising from the use of artificial intelligence in hiring were identified, among which are: protection of the applicant’s personal data, obtained with the use of artificial intelligence; discrimination and unjustified refusal to hire due to the bias of artificial intelligence algorithms; legal responsibility for the decision made by a generative algorithm during hiring. The author believes that for the optimal solution of these problems, it is necessary to look at the best practices of foreign countries, first of all, those which have adopted special laws on the regulation of artificial intelligence for hiring and developed guidelines for employers using generative algorithms for similar purposes. Also, the European Union’s and USA’s legislative work in the area of managing risks arising from the use of artificial intelligence should be taken into account.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the article contains a comprehensive study of legal problems arising from the use of artificial intelligence in hiring and foreign experience in solving these problems, which allowed the author to develop recommendations to improve Russian legislation in this area. As for the problem of applicants’ personal data protection when using artificial intelligence for hiring, the author proposes to solve it by supplementing the labor legislation with norms that enshrine the requirements for transparency and consistency in the collection, processing and storage of information when using generative algorithms. The list and scope of personal data allowed for collection should be reflected in a special state standard. The solution to the problem of discrimination due to biased algorithms is seen in the mandatory certification and annual monitoring of artificial intelligence software for hiring, as well as the prohibition of scoring tools for evaluating applicants. The author adheres to the position that artificial intelligence cannot “decide the fate” of a job seeker: the responsibility for the decisions made by the algorithm is solely on the employer, including in cases of involving third parties for the selection of employees.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the obtained results can be used to accelerate the development and adoption of legal norms, rules, tools and standards in the field of using artificial intelligence for hiring. The lack of adequate legal regulation in this area creates significant risks both for human rights and for the development of industries that use generative algorithms to hire employees.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: определить правовые проблемы использования искусственного интеллекта при найме работников и обозначить основные направления их решения.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: формально-юридический и сравнительно-правовой анализ, правовое прогнозирование, правовое моделирование, синтез, индукция, дедукция.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: выявлен ряд правовых проблем, возникающих при использовании искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) при найме работни ков, среди которых защита персональных данных соискателя, получаемых при применении искусственного интеллекта; дискриминация и необоснованный отказ в приеме на работу из-за предвзятости алгоритмов искусственного интеллекта; юридическая ответственность за принятое генеративным алгоритмом решение при найме работника. Автор полагает, что для оптимального решения указанных проблем необходимо обратить внимание на передовой опыт зарубежных стран, прежде всего на те страны, где приняты специальные законы о регулировании применения ИИ при найме работников и выработаны руководства для работодателей, применяющих генеративные алгоритмы в аналогичных целях. Кроме того, следует учесть законотворческую работу Европейского союза и США в сфере управления рисками, возникающими при использовании ИИ.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в работе проведено комплексное исследование правовых проблем, возникающих при использовании ИИ при найме работников, зарубежного опыта их решения, что позволило автору выработать рекомендации по усовершенствованию российского законодательства в данной сфере. Проблему защиты персональных данных соискателей при использовании искусственного интеллекта для найма автор предлагает решить путем дополнения трудового законодательства нормами, закрепляющими требования по прозрачности и согласованности сбора, обработки и хранения информации при применении генеративных алгоритмов. Перечень и объем допустимых для сбора персональных данных следует отобразить в специальном государственном стандарте. Решение проблемы дискриминации из-за предвзятости алгоритмов видится в обязательной сертификации и ежегодном мониторинге программ искусственного интеллекта для найма, а также запрете скоринговых инструментов оценки соискателей. Автор придерживается позиции, что искусственный интеллект не может «вершить судьбу» соискателя: ответственность за решения, принятые алгоритмом о найме, возлагается исключительно на работодателя, в том числе в случаях привлечениях третьих лиц для осуществления подбора работников.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: полученные результаты могут быть использованы для ускорения разработки и принятия правовых норм, правил, инструментов и стандартов в сфере использования ИИ для найма работников. Отсутствие надлежащего правового регулирования в данной сфере создает существенные риски как для прав человека, так и для развития отраслей экономики, в которых задействуются генеративные алгоритмы в целях найма работников.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алгоритм</kwd><kwd>закон</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>наем работника</kwd><kwd>персональные данные</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>работник</kwd><kwd>работодатель</kwd><kwd>трудовое право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>algorithm</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>employee</kwd><kwd>employer</kwd><kwd>hiring of an employee</kwd><kwd>labor law</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>legislation</kwd><kwd>personal data</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков, Д. А. (2023). 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