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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.34</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">nbizuv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-470</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Violation of the Airspace of Countries by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones) from the Perspective of International Law</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нарушение воздушного пространства страны беспилотными летательными аппаратами (дронами) с точки зрения международного права</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1640-3230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камиджани</surname><given-names>М. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamijani</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Милад Каши Камиджани – магистр в области публичного права, факультет права</p><p>3716146611, г. Кум, бульвар Аль-Гадир</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ISU-4107-2023" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ISU-4107-2023</ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zsEAxXoAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Milad Kashi Kamijani – Master of Public Law, Faculty of Law</p><p>Al-Ghadir Boulevard, after Quds Town, 3716146611 Qom</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ISU-4107-2023" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ISU-4107-2023</ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zsEAxXoAAAAJ </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mkk1377@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Кума</institution><country>Иран</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Qom</institution><country>Islamic Republic of Iran</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>674</fpage><lpage>689</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kamijani M., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Камиджани М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kamijani M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/470">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/470</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to illustrate the challenges to international law and the shortcomings of current regulation caused by the rapid development of drone technology, by the example of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in airspace.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the study is based primarily on a set of methods for interpreting the provisions of international law, which allow analyzing the provisions in the field of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: based on international air law and humanitarian law, the article examines the issues of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) using airspace. The main sources of law in this area are analyzed, including the provisions of international air law, especially the Paris, Madrid, Havana and Chicago Conventions. An attempt is made to answer the questions arising from the development of unmanned technologies as to which rules of international law apply to their use and whether existing international law is capable of responding effectively to them. The article shows the current understanding of the legal status of airspace over the territory of a state. The author puts forward the question whether the sphere of unmanned aerial vehicles, automatic and autonomous weapons, which combines scientific and military achievements with new technologies, is exceptional. In this regard, the problem of using unmanned aerial vehicles as a universal weapon in international conflicts is touched upon. A conclusion is made that the use of intelligent, guided and robotic weapons capable of automatic decision-making, such as drones, requires the revision of existing conventions or the establishment of new legal standards for these weapons. It is proposed to consider such drones as military aircraft of a special type.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: international legal responsibility of states for the military use of drones has not received an unambiguous assessment in the doctrine. However, much in this issue depends on the legal interpretation of the most important international legal categories. Further development of this issue is directly related to the issues of international responsibility and the concept of state sovereignty over airspace.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the development of unmanned aviation at the present stage demonstrates the imperfection of the existing legal framework, which is designed to regulate these relations. With regard to the study of the global trend in the current international law, the identification of the shortcomings in the provisions of the latter is important primarily for their further modernization, taking into account modern scientific achievements and the development of the concept of a state sovereignty over its airspace.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: на примере использования беспилотными летательными аппаратами (дронами) воздушного пространства показать вызовы между народному праву и недостатки действующего регулирования, обусловленные стремительным развитием беспилотных технологий.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод: исследование построено прежде всего на совокупности способов толкования положений международного права, позволяющих проанализировать положения в области использования беспилотных летательных аппаратов (дронов).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в статье на основе международного воздушного и гуманитарного права рассматриваются вопросы использования беспилотными летательными аппаратами (дронами) воздушного пространства. Проводится анализ основных источников права в этой сфере, которыми служат, в частности, положения международного воздушного права, особенно Парижской, Мадридской, Гаванской и Чикагской конвенций. Предпринимается попытка ответить на возникающие в связи с развитием беспилотных технологий вопросы о том, какие нормы международного права распространяются на их использование и способно ли действующее международное право на них эффективно реагировать. Показано современное представление о правовом статусе воздушного пространства над территорией государства. Автор задается вопросом, не является ли исключительной область беспилотных летательных аппаратов, автоматических и автономных видов вооружений, объединяющей научные и военные достижения с новыми технология  ми. В этой связи затрагивается проблема использования беспилотных летательных аппаратов в международных конфликтах в качестве универсального оружия. Делается вывод о том, что при использовании интеллектуального, управляемого и роботизированного оружия, способного автоматически принимать решения, такого как беспилотники, необходимо пересмотреть существующие конвенции или установить новые правовые стандарты в отношении этого вида оружия. Такие беспилотники предлагается рассматривать как военные воздушные суда особого типа.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: международно-правовая ответственность государств за военное применение беспилотных летательных аппаратов не получила в доктрине однозначной оценки, вместе с тем многое в данном вопросе зависит от юридического толкования важнейших международно-правовых категорий, а дальнейшая разработка данной проблематики непосредственно связана с развитием вопросов международной ответственности и концепцией суверенитета государства над воздушным пространством.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: развитие на современном этапе беспилотной авиации демонстрирует несовершенство сформированной правовой базы, которая призвана регулировать указанные отношения. В связи с исследованием общемировой тенденции в контексте действующего международного права, выявление недостатков положений последнего имеет значение прежде всего для дальнейшей их модернизации с учетом современных достижений науки и развития концепции суверенитета страны над ее воздушным пространством.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>беспилотный летательный аппарат</kwd><kwd>воздушное пространство</kwd><kwd>вооруженный конфликт</kwd><kwd>дрон</kwd><kwd>международная конвенция</kwd><kwd>международное гуманитарное право</kwd><kwd>международное право</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>airspace</kwd><kwd>armed conflict</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>drone</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>humanitarian law</kwd><kwd>international convention</kwd><kwd>international law</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>unmanned aerial vehicle</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abeyratne, R. 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