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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.17</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">zhayee</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-427</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Legal Regulation of International Trade in Cryptographic Products and Technologies: WTO Tools and Regional Agreements</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Правовое регулирование международной торговли криптографическими продуктами и технологиями: инструменты ВТО и региональные соглашения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-0575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хашими</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hashimy</surname><given-names>S. Q.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хашими Сайед Кудрат – PhD в области права, кафедра правоведения.</p><p>Майсур, 570005, Вишвавидьянилайа Карья Судха, Крофорд Холл</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_XhWcpEAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sayed Qudrat Hashimy – PhD Scholar (Law), Department of Studies in Law.</p><p>Vishwavidyanilaya Karya Soudha, Crawford Hall, Mysuru-570005</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_XhWcpEAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sayedqudrathashimy@law.uni-mysore.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-6929</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магоге</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Magoge</surname><given-names>J. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магоге Джексон Симанго – ассистент преподавателя.</p><p>Танзания, г. Иринга, а/я 200</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8FERpVoAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jackson Simango Magoge – Assistant Lecturer.</p><p>P.O Box 200, Iringa, Tanzania</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8FERpVoAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">simangojackson@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Майсурский университет</institution><country>Индия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Mysore</institution><country>India</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Иринга</institution><country>Танзания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Iringa</institution><country>United Republic of Tanzania</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>328</fpage><lpage>344</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Hashimy S.Q., Magoge J.S., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хашими С.К., Магоге Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hashimy S.Q., Magoge J.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/427">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/427</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to demonstrate the complex legal landscape which is being changed under the influence of the modern digital landscape developing with the integration of cryptographic technologies into international trade and especially into the field of information and communication technology products.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the study of the documents is built primarily on a set of ways of interpreting legal acts, which allows analyzing the content of primary legal sources, namely the provisions for cryptographic products circulation, and proposing solutions to fill the gaps in this area. Also, secondary sources were collected and summarized to form an idea of the study subject.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: areas of uncertainty in the protection of digital cryptographic products under the WTO agreements have been identified, raising questions about the adequacy of existing protection measures. It is noted that in some countries this situation has led to restrictions or bans on the import and export of cryptographic technologies and encrypted data on security grounds. The authors pay attention to the concept of non-discriminatory treatment of cryptographic products, which is being developed primarily within the framework of regional trade agreements to address the shortcomings of WTO agreements. It is emphasized that regional trade agreements, although stimulating cooperation and competition in international trade, demonstrate various approaches to the regulation of cryptographic products. The authors note that this creates challenges for business and it must be prepared to take into account the specificities of regional agreements, local legislation and evolving legal requirements. A conclusion is made that it is important to balance the innovation protection with the promotion of trust and cooperation, between the cryptographic technologies development and the issues of security and intellectual property rights protection.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: a vision of the complex legal landscape surrounding cryptographic products is presented, showing the differences in approaches to regulating relations around digital and non-digital products under WTO agreements and approaches to regulating cryptographic products applied in regional trade agreements.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the study results are of interest to government agencies, policy makers, commercial entities and individuals involved in international trade in cryptographic technologies, as they can help all stakeholders to make informed decisions, navigate the complexities of regulating these relationships and advocate for fair treatment in the evolving digital trade environment.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: показать сложный правовой ландшафт, меняющийся под воздействием современного цифрового ландшафта, развивающегося в условиях интеграции криптографических технологий в международную торговлю и особенно в сферу продуктов информационно-коммуникационных технологий.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: исследование документов построено прежде всего на совокупности способов толкования актов, позволяющих проанализировать содержание первичных источников права, а именно положений, регулирующих оборот криптографических продуктов, и предложить решения, восполняющие существующие пробелы в этой области. Также для формирования представления о предмете исследования были собраны и обобщены вторичные источники по исследуемой проблематике.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: выявлены области неопределенности в защите цифровых криптографических продуктов в рамках соглашений ВТО, что ставит под сомнение адекватность существующих мер защиты. Отмечается, что в ряде стран такая ситуация приводит к ограничениям или к полному запрету на импорт и экспорт криптографических технологий и зашифрованных данных по соображениям безопасности. Уделено внимание рассмотрению концепции недискриминационного отношения к криптографическим продуктам, разрабатываемой в первую очередь в рамках региональных торговых соглашений, чтобы устранить недостатки соглашений ВТО. Подчеркивается, что региональные торговые соглашения, несмотря на стимулирования роста сотрудничества и конкуренции в международной торговле, демонстрируют различные подходы к регулированию криптографических продуктов. Отмечается, что это создает проблемы для бизнеса, который должен быть готов к учету особенностей региональных соглашений, местного законодательства и меняющихся правовых требований. Делается вывод о важности баланса между защитой инноваций и содействием доверию и сотрудничеству, развитием криптографических технологий и вопросами безопасности и защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: представлено видение сложного правового ландшафта, окружающего криптографические продукты, показаны различия в подходах к регулированию отношений, связанных с цифровыми и нецифровыми продуктами в рамках соглашений ВТО, и подходы к регулированию криптографических продуктов, применяемые в региональных торговых соглашениях.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: результаты исследования представляют интерес для государственных органов, политических деятелей, коммерческих структур и частных лиц, участвующих в международной торговле с использованием криптографических технологий, поскольку могут помочь всем заинтересованным сторонам принимать обоснованные решения, ориентироваться в сложностях регулирования указанных отношений и отстаивать справедливое отношение в развивающейся среде цифровой торговли.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Всемирная торговая организация</kwd><kwd>защита интеллектуальной собственности</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>криптография</kwd><kwd>международная торговля</kwd><kwd>международные соглашения</kwd><kwd>недискриминационный режим</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>региональные торговые соглашения</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptography</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>intellectual property rights protection</kwd><kwd>international agreements</kwd><kwd>international trade</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>non-discriminatory regime</kwd><kwd>regional trade agreements</kwd><kwd>World Trade Organization</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research had no sponsorship</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin, R. 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