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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.5</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">nifbkj</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-375</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of New Technologies on Economic Behavior and Consumer Freedom of Choice: from Neuromarketing to Neuro-Rights</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние новых технологий на экономическое поведение и свободу выбора потребителя: от нейромаркетинга к нейроправам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-8996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спозини</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sposini</surname><given-names>L. </given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Людовика Спозини – соискатель степени PhD в области права, Институт DIRPOLIS (Институт права, политики и развития)</p><p>56127, г. Пиза, ул. Доменико Вернагалли, 22R</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AVR7_bMAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludovica Sposini – PhD Candidate in Law, DIRPOLIS Institute (Institute of Law, Politics and Development)</p><p>Via Domenico Vernagalli 22R, 56127 Pisa</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AVR7_bMAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ludovica.sposini@santannapisa.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа перспективных исследований Сант’Анна</institution><country>Италия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies</institution><country>Italy</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>74–100</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sposini L., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Спозини Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sposini L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/375">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/375</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to identify the possibilities for an adequate response of the existing legal regime to the various challenges posed to European law by artificial intelligence systems underlying neuromarketing techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the study is based on the risk-oriented approach, formal-logical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, as well as on the method of legal forecasting, in order to identify the problems of legislation caused by the emerging technologies capable of recognizing human emotions and using them to control consumer behavior, and to propose ways to solve them.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the conducted research provides a brief overview of the most widely used neuromarketing techniques used by algorithms and machine learning. These allow identifying points of cognitive and emotional vulnerability, collecting and processing data, and then building the most effective marketing techniques that push a consumer to choose a certain product or service. Ethical problems are analyzed which arise from the use of neuromarketing techniques in relation to some basic values such as individual independence, human dignity, and freedom of choice. The subtle line is shown between techniques that manipulate consumer behavior (manipulation technique) and those that, on the contrary, have a persuasive effect, which in itself does not make them illegal (persuasion technique). An overview of the existing legal framework is presented, as well as case law from both the European Court of Justice and national courts of member states with a particular focus on the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU General Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data (hard law), and codes of ethics (soft law).</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the paper points out the transformation of traditional legal categories and important problem points of the existing regulation due to the growing recognition of the potential of neuromarketing as a tool capable of explaining and predicting consumer behavior, as well as influencing the economic behavior of the subjects of relations.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the obtained conclusions and proposals can be taken into account in improving the regulation of artificial intelligence in terms of its safety and reliability, increasing trust in the system, given the need to protect ethical principles and maintain fundamental values.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: выявить возможности адекватного ответа существующего правового режима на различные вызовы, которые системы искусственного интеллекта, лежащие в основе методов нейромаркетинга, ставят перед европейским правом.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: исследование основано на риск-ориентированном подходе, формально-логическом, формально-юридическом и сравнительно-правовом методах, а также на методе правового прогнозирования, позволяющих выявить проблемы законодательства, обусловленные развитием технологий, способных распознавать человеческие эмоции и использовать их для управления поведением потребителей, и предложить пути их решения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в проведенном исследовании представлен краткий обзор наиболее широко распространенных методов нейромаркетинга, используемых алгоритмами и машинным обучением, позволяющим выявить точки когнитивной и эмоциональной уязвимости, собрать и обработать данные, а затем выстроить наиболее эффективные маркетинговые приемы, подталкивающие потребителя к выбору определенного товара или услуги. Проанализированы этические проблемы, возникающие при использовании методов нейромаркетинга в отношении некоторых базовых ценностей, таких как индивидуальная независимость, человеческое достоинство и свобода выбора. Показана тонкая грань между приемами,  манипулирующими поведением потребителя (метод манипуляции), и теми приемами, которые, напротив, оказывают убеждающее воздействие, что само по себе не делает их противозаконными (метод убеждения). Представлен обзор  существующей правовой базы, а также прецедентного права как Европейского суда, так и национальных судов государств-участников, с особым упором на Директиву о недобросовестной коммерческой практике, Общий регламент ЕС по защите персональных данных (жесткое право) и этические кодексы (мягкое право).</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в работе отмечается трансформация традиционных правовых категорий и важные проблемные точки существующего регу лирования, обусловленные ростом признания потенциала нейромаркетинга как инструмента, способного объяснить и спрогнозировать поведение потребителей, а также воздействовать на экономическое поведение субъектов отношений.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: полученные выводы и предложения могут быть учтены при совершенствовании регулирования искусственного интеллекта в части его безопасности и надежности, повышения доверия к системе, с учетом обеспечения защиты этических принципов и сохранения фундаментальных человеческих ценностей.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биотехнологии</kwd><kwd>европейское право</kwd><kwd>защита прав потребителей</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>нейромаркетинг</kwd><kwd>нейроправа</kwd><kwd>нейроэтика</kwd><kwd>свобода выбора</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>biotechnology</kwd><kwd>consumer protection</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>European law</kwd><kwd>freedom of choice</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>neuro-ethics</kwd><kwd>neuromarketing</kwd><kwd>neuro-rights</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbamonte, G. 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