<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2024.3</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">uunzfp</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-372</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Algorithms, Sociology of Law and Justice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритмы, социология права и правосудие</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-1788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиндо Аюда</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galindo Ayuda</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фернандо Галиндо Аюда – PhD, профессор философии права, факультет уголовного права, философии права и истории права; член Испанской королевской академии юриспруденции и законодательства, секция философии права</p><p>50009, г. Сарагоса, ул. Педро Цербуна, 12</p><p>ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-1788</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24324858600</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/I-3064-2018</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cIc_O5YAAAAJ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fernando Galindo Ayuda – PhD, Full Professor of Philosopy of Law, Department of Criminal Law, Philosophy of Law and History of Law; Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation, Section of Philosophy of Law</p><p>12, Pedro Cerbuna, 50009 Zaragoza</p><p>Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24324858600</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/I-3064-2018</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=cIc_O5YAAAAJ</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cfa@unizar.es</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Сарагосы</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Zaragoza</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>34–45</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Galindo Ayuda F., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галиндо Аюда Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galindo Ayuda F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/372">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/372</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to determine the possibility of professional legal activity automation and to identify the limitations that in a democratic society are associated with the use of software capable of generating effective legal solutions in conflict situations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the conducted empirical research is based on the methodology of social sciences, sociology of law, principles of communicative and communicational theories of law, and formal-legal analysis of legal documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the paper presents examples of functioning of computer systems that imitate some specific aspects of human intelligence in decision-making. The concept of algorithm and the main characteristics of tasks performed by artificial intelligence systems are defined. The relevance, methods and achievements of sociology of law are outlined, which underlie the systems or computer programs helping to resolve legal conflicts. It is found that the research tools developed as a methodology within the sociology of law since its emergence will be more widely used in the future, due to the growing use of information and communication technologies in legal activities. It is shown that in the administration of justice it is impossible to generate solutions only on the basis of artificial intelligence, since law and the process of making legal decisions on its basis has more complex characteristics in a democratic society. It is emphasized that obtaining the desired legal result is not limited to the processes of algorithmization, categorization or formal exegetics of legal texts. It rather consists in understanding and thinking in accordance with the accepted values, meanings, evaluative criteria, strategies, perspectives, etc.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the article reveals the significance of the principles of communicative and communicational theories of law under the development of information and communication technologies in legal activity. The main limitations of the use of artificial intelligence in legal activity and, in particular, in justice are identified.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the formulated provisions help, while improving legal regulation, to avoid insufficiently justified decisions on the automation of law enforcement, as well as to take into account the increasing importance of the principles of communicative and communicational theories of law in such types of legal activities as creation, interpretation and application of laws.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: определение возможности автоматизации профессиональной юридической деятельности и выявление ограничений, которые в демократическом обществе связаны с использованием компьютерных программ, способных генерировать эффективные правовые решения в  конфликтных ситуациях.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: проведенное эмпирическое исследование опирается на методологию общественных наук, социологию права, принципы коммуникативной и коммуникационной теорий права, формально-юридический анализ правовых документов.  </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в работе представлены примеры функционирования компьютерных систем, имитирующих некоторые специфические аспекты человеческого интеллекта при принятии решений. Определены понятие алгоритма и основные характеристики задач, выполняемых системами искусственного интеллекта. Обозначена актуальность, методы и достижения социологии права, на основе которых были созданы системы или программы, помогающие в решении правовых конфликтов. Выявлено, что исследовательский инструментарий, разработанный в качестве методологии в рамках социологии права с момента ее появления, получит в дальнейшем более широкое применение, что связано с ростом использования информационно-коммуникационных технологий в юридической деятельности. Показано, что в сфере отправления правосудия невозможно генерировать решения только лишь на основе искусственного интеллекта, поскольку право в демократическом обществе и процесс принятия на его основе юридических решений обладает более сложными характеристиками. Подчеркнуто, что получение нужного юридического результата не ограничивается процессами алгоритмизации, категоризации или формальной экзегетикой правовых текстов, а заключается в понимании и размышлениях в соответствии с принятыми ценностями, смыслами, оценочными критериями, стратегиями, перспективами и др.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: выявлено значение принципов коммуникативной и коммуникационной теорий права в условиях развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий в юридической деятельности; установлены основные ограничения использования интеллекта в юридической деятельности, и в частности в правосудии.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: сформулированные положения позволяют в ходе совершенствования правового регулирования избежать недостаточно обоснованных решений по автоматизации правоприменительной деятельности, а также учесть возрастающее значение принципов коммуникативной и коммуникационной теорий права в таких видах юридической деятельности, как создание, толкование и применение законов.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алгоритм искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>коммуникативная теория права</kwd><kwd>лигалтех (LegalTech)</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>правоприменение</kwd><kwd>правосудие</kwd><kwd>социология права</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>юридический (правовой) конфликт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>administration of justice</kwd><kwd>algorithm</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>communicative theory of law</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>justice</kwd><kwd>legal conflict</kwd><kwd>legal technologies</kwd><kwd>(LegalTech)</kwd><kwd>sociology of law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carbonell, M. (2008). Funcionalidad de la Constitución y derechos sociales: esbozo de algunos problemas. Estudios Constitucionales, 6(2), 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52002008000100003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carbonell, M. (2008). Funcionalidad de la Constitución y derechos sociales: esbozo de algunos problemas. Estudios Constitucionales, 6(2), 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52002008000100003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehrlich, E. (1903). Freie Rechtsfindung und freie Rechtswissenschaft. Aalen: Scientia Verlag.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehrlich, E. (1903). Freie Rechtsfindung und freie Rechtswissenschaft. Aalen: Scientia Verlag.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehrlich, E. (1913). Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts. München und Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker &amp; Humblot.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehrlich, E. (1913). Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts. München und Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker &amp; Humblot.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engisch, K. (1996). Sentido y alcance de la sistemática jurídica. Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho, 3, 7-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engisch, K. (1996). Sentido y alcance de la sistemática jurídica. Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho, 3, 7-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esser, J. (1956). Grundsatz und Norm in der richterlichen Fortbildung des Privatrechts. Tübingen: Mohr.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esser, J. (1956). Grundsatz und Norm in der richterlichen Fortbildung des Privatrechts. Tübingen: Mohr.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira, D. B., &amp; Gromova, E. A. (2023). Hyperrealistic Jurisprudence: The Digital Age and the (Un)Certainty of Judge Analytics. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law – Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 36(6), 2261–2281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10015-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira, D. B., &amp; Gromova, E. A. (2023). Hyperrealistic Jurisprudence: The Digital Age and the (Un)Certainty of Judge Analytics. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law – Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 36(6), 2261–2281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10015-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadamer, H. (1977). Verdad y Método. Fundamentos de una hermenéutica filosófica. Salamanca: Ediciones Sígueme.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadamer, H. (1977). Verdad y Método. Fundamentos de una hermenéutica filosófica. Salamanca: Ediciones Sígueme.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Vol. I. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Vol. I. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habermas, J. (2016). En la espiral de la tecnocracia. Madrid: Trotta.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habermas, J. (2016). En la espiral de la tecnocracia. Madrid: Trotta.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heitkemper, E. M., &amp; Thurman, W. (2022). Social justice informatics: A critical approach for the future. Nursing Outlook, 70(3), 374–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heitkemper, E. M., &amp; Thurman, W. (2022). Social justice informatics: A critical approach for the future. Nursing Outlook, 70(3), 374–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmes, O. W. J. (1897). The path of the law. Harvard Law Review, 10(8), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmes, O. W. J. (1897). The path of the law. Harvard Law Review, 10(8), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knuth, D. (1997). The art of computer programming: fundamental algorithms. Reading: Addison-Wesley.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knuth, D. (1997). The art of computer programming: fundamental algorithms. Reading: Addison-Wesley.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maturana, H., &amp; Varela, F. (1984). El árbol del conocimiento. Santiago de Chile: OEA/Editorial Universitaria.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maturana, H., &amp; Varela, F. (1984). El árbol del conocimiento. Santiago de Chile: OEA/Editorial Universitaria.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milchram, C., Hillerbrand, R., Van De Kaa, G., Doorn, N., &amp; Künneke, R. W. (2018). Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Applied Energy, 229, 1244–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milchram, C., Hillerbrand, R., Van De Kaa, G., Doorn, N., &amp; Künneke, R. W. (2018). Energy Justice and Smart Grid Systems: Evidence from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Applied Energy, 229, 1244–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montesquieu, C. (1964). L’Esprit des Lois et la querelle de l’esprit des lois. Oeuvres completes (1748). París: Ed. du Seuil.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montesquieu, C. (1964). L’Esprit des Lois et la querelle de l’esprit des lois. Oeuvres completes (1748). París: Ed. du Seuil.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagtegaal, R. (2021). The impact of using algorithms for managerial decisions on public employees’ procedural justice. Government Information Quarterly, 38(1), 101536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101536</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagtegaal, R. (2021). The impact of using algorithms for managerial decisions on public employees’ procedural justice. Government Information Quarterly, 38(1), 101536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101536</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M., Marshall, A., &amp; Williams, T. (2018). An examination of the ‘rule of law’ and ‘justice’ implications in Online Dispute Resolution in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M., Marshall, A., &amp; Williams, T. (2018). An examination of the ‘rule of law’ and ‘justice’ implications in Online Dispute Resolution in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papagianneas, S., &amp; Junius, N. (2023). Fairness and justice through automation in China’s smart courts. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 51, 105897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papagianneas, S., &amp; Junius, N. (2023). Fairness and justice through automation in China’s smart courts. Computer Law &amp; Security Review, 51, 105897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perelman, Ch, &amp; Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1989). Tratado de la argumentación. La nueva retórica. Madrid: Gredos. Robles, G. (2018). Cinco estudios de teoría comunicacional del derecho. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Olejnik.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perelman, Ch, &amp; Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1989). Tratado de la argumentación. La nueva retórica. Madrid: Gredos. Robles, G. (2018). Cinco estudios de teoría comunicacional del derecho. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Olejnik.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robles, G. (2021).Teoría del derecho. Fundamentos de teoría comunicacional del derecho. Vol. III. Navarra: Aranzadi.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robles, G. (2021).Teoría del derecho. Fundamentos de teoría comunicacional del derecho. Vol. III. Navarra: Aranzadi.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell, S., &amp; Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Hoboken: Pearson.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell, S., &amp; Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Hoboken: Pearson.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swofford, H., &amp; Champod, C. (2022). Probabilistic reporting and algorithms in forensic science: Stakeholder perspectives within the American criminal justice system. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 4, 100220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swofford, H., &amp; Champod, C. (2022). Probabilistic reporting and algorithms in forensic science: Stakeholder perspectives within the American criminal justice system. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 4, 100220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teubner, G. (1993). Law as an autopoietic system. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Viehweg, T. (1964). Tópica y Jurisprudencia. Madrid: Taurus.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teubner, G. (1993). Law as an autopoietic system. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Viehweg, T. (1964). Tópica y Jurisprudencia. Madrid: Taurus.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
