digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2023.2UNSONVdigitallaw-33Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИRegulating Smart Robots and Artificial Intelligence in the European UnionРегулирование умных роботов и искусственного интеллекта в Европейском союзеhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-0261Галлезе-НобилеК.Gallese NobileC.

Галлезе-Нобиле Кьяра – доктор наук, научный сотрудник (постдок) по управлению исследовательскими данными, Эйндховенский технологический университет (Эйндховен, Королевство Нидерландов); научный сотрудник (постдок) департамента математики и наук о земле, Университет Триеста (Триест, Итальянская Республика)

Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222726276;

Web of Science Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/AGE-9594-2022;

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Vmoen8UAAAAJ

а/я 513 5600 МБ Эйндховен, Королевство Нидерландов

Chiara Gallese Nobile – PhD, Researcher (postdoc) of research data management, Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, the Netherlands); Researcher (postdoc) of the Department of Mathematics and Geosciences at the University of Trieste (Trieste, Italy)

Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57222726276;

Web of Science Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/AGE-9594-2022;

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Vmoen8UAAAAJ

P/O 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands

cgallese@liuc.itЭйндховенский технологический университет; Университет ТриестИталияEindhoven University of Technology; University of TriesteItaly202307012024113361Copyright © Gallese Nobile C., 20232023Галлезе-Нобиле К.Gallese Nobile C.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/33Objective

Objective: In recent years, the need for regulation of robots and Artificial Intelligence has become apparent in Europe. European Union needs a standardized regulation that will ensure a high level of security in robotics systems to prevent potential breaches. Therefore a new regulation should make clear that it is the responsibility of producers to identify the blind spots in these systems, exposing their flaws, or, when a vulnerability is discovered in a later stage, to update the system even if that model is not on the market anymore. This article aims at suggesting some possible revisions of the existing legal provisions in the EU.

Methods

Methods: The author employed the Kestemont legal methodology, analyzing legal text, comparing them, and connecting them with technical elements regarding smart robots, resulting in the highlighting of the critical provisions to be updated.

Results

Results: This article suggests some revisions to the existing regulatory proposals: according to the author, although the AI Act and the Cyberresilience Act represent a first step towards this direction, their general principles are not sufficiently detailed to guide programmers on how to implement them in practice, and policymakers should carefully assess in what cases lifelong learning models should be allowed to the market. The author suggests that the current proposal regarding mandatory updates should be expanded, as five years are a short time frame that would not cover the risks associated with long-lasting products, such as vehicles.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: The author has examined the existing regulatory framework regarding AI systems and devices with digital elements, highlighted the risks of the current legal framework, and suggested possible amendments to the existing regulatory proposals.

Practical significance

Practical significance: The article can be employed to update the existing proposals for the AI Act and the Cyber-resilience Act.

Цель

Цель: в последние годы в Европе стала очевидной необходимость создания нормативных актов в области робототехники и искусственного интеллекта. Европейский союз нуждается в стандартизации регулирования, которое обеспечило бы высокий уровень безопасности робототехнических систем и предотвратило потенциальные нарушения. Поэтому новое законодательство должно гарантировать, что именно производители несут ответственность за выявление «слепых зон» в этих системах, содержащих недоработки, а в случае обнаружения уязвимостей на поздних этапах – обновлять систему, даже если модель уже не находится на рынке. Цель данной статьи – предложить ряд возможных поправок к существующим положениям нормативных актов Евросоюза.

Методы

Методы: используя методологию Кестемонта для юридических исследований, автор анализирует и сравнивает тексты нормативных актов и увязывает их с техническими положениями об умных роботах, в результате выделяя критические элементы, требующие доработки.

Результаты

Результаты: в статье предлагаются поправки к существующим проектам законов: по мнению автора, хотя закон об искусственном интеллекте и закон о киберустойчивости представляют собой первый шаг в этом направлении, их основные принципы недостаточно детализированы, а значит, не позволяют регулировать их практическое применение. Поэтому законодатели должны тщательно определить, в каких случаях модели, использующие обучение в течение всего жизненного цикла, могут быть допущены на рынок. Автор предлагает увеличить сроки обязательного обновления систем, предусмотренные в существующих проектах законов, поскольку пятилетний срок не соответствует уровню риска, связанного с продуктами длительного пользования, такими как транспортные средства.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: автор рассматривает действующую нормативную базу в области систем искусственного интеллекта и устройств с цифровыми элементами, выделяет риски действующей правовой базы и вносит предложения по возможному усовершенствованию существующих проектов законов.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: материалы статьи могут быть использованы для доработки существующих проектов закона об искусственном интеллекте и закона о киберустойчивости.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.