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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2023.44</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">igaziz</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-310</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Legal Nature of Smart Contracts: Contract or Program Code?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Правовая природа смарт-контрактов: договор или программный код?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-4353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варбанова</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Varbanova</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Варбанова Гергана - PhD, ассистент кафедры правоведения, Университет национального и мирового хозяйства; арбитр Арбитражного суда BIA.</p><p>Варна, ул. Дрин, 10</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/37781549</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gergana Varbanova - PhD, Assistant Professor at the Department of Legal Studies, University of National and World Economy, Arbitrator of the Arbitration Court of the BIA.</p><p>10 Drin Street, Varna</p><p>WoS Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/37781549</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gergana@varbanova.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет национального и мирового хозяйства; Арбитражный суд BIA</institution><country>Болгария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of National and World Economy; Arbitration Court of the BIA</institution><country>Bulgaria</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1028</fpage><lpage>1041</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Varbanova G., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Варбанова Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Varbanova G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/310">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/310</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: due to the rapid technological changes, digital economy and contractual relations determine law transformation and legislation development towards adaptation to prospective spreading and application of smart contracts in civil and commercial turnover. In this regard, the study focuses on determining the legal essence of smart contracts as a fundamental step towards the development of their timely and clear regulation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the research is based on the methodology of formal-legal and comparative legal analysis. It compares the current Bulgarian legislation with supranational legal sources and identifies the characteristic features of smart contracts as demanded instruments necessary for modern law and economy. The article also compares them with the classical understanding of contracts, making it possible to understand and define the nature of smart contracts more accurately.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: it was determined that a smart contract is a software code in which the parties predetermine conditions under which the contractual relationship between them is created, modified and terminated. The research proved that the contract execution does not depend on the action or inaction of its parties, but rather on the occurrence of a predetermined condition (a certain fact relevant to the parties) under which the contract must self-execute. It was substantiated that the will of the parties cannot be changed or replaced because of the special way in which the smart contract is recorded in a distributed ledger. It is found that the fundamental problem of transferring the will from the legal language to the program code of the smart contract persists: if the will of the parties is incorrectly transferred to the program code, the smart contract may self-execute, but its execution will not be the result that the parties counted on.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the analysis made it possible to compare the current national (Bulgarian) legislation and supranational (European) law. It revealed the vagueness of smart contracts regulation, both at the national and international level, and identified a number of issues in need of scientific and legal interpretation, which refer to the legal nature of smart contracts in view of the self-executing program code concept.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the study can serve as a basis for further development of legislation towards its adaptation to the prospects of smart contracts spreading and application in civil and commercial turnover. It also allows an in-depth analysis of the smart contracts practice referring to such unsolved problems as accurate transference of the parties' will to the program code (translation of specific terms from the legal language into the smart contract program code), electronic identification of subjects - parties to the transaction and many other issues.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: цифровая экономика и договорные отношения, обусловленные стремительным изменением технологий, определяют трансформацию права и развитие законодательства в направлениях его адаптации к перспективам распространения и применения смарт-контрактов в гражданском и коммерческом обороте, в связи с чем нацеленность исследования на определение юридической сущности смарт-контрактов становится основополагающим этапом на пути к выработке своевременного и четкого их регулирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: в основу исследования положена методология формально-юридического и сравнительно-правового анализа, позволяющая сопоставить нормы действующего болгарского законодательства и наднациональных источников права, а также выявить характерные черты смарт-контрактов как востребованных инструментов, необходимых для современного права и экономики, и сопоставить их с классическим пониманием контрактов, в сравнении с которым можно более точно понять и определить природу смарт-контрактов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: определено, что смарт-контракт является программным кодом, в котором стороны заранее установили условия, при которых договорные отношения между ними создаются, изменяются и прекращаются; доказано, что исполнение контракта зависит не от действия или бездействия его сторон, а скорее от наступления заранее установленного условия (определенного факта, имеющего отношение к сторонам), при котором контракт должен самоисполняться; обосновано, что воля сторон не может быть изменена или заменена именно из-за особого способа записи смарт-контракта в децентрализованном реестре; выявлено, что основополагающей остается проблема передачи воли с юридического языка в программный код смарт-кон-тракта - если воля сторон неправильно передана в программный код, смарт-контракт может самоисполниться, но его исполнение не будет тем результатом, на который рассчитывали стороны.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: проведенный анализ позволил сравнить современное национальное (болгарское) законодательство и наднациональное (европейское) право, выявив нечеткость регулирования смарт-контрактов как на национальном, так и на международном уровне, определив ряд нуждающихся в научной и правовой интерпретации вопросов о правовой природе смарт-контрактов в контексте концепции самоисполняющегося программного кода.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: исследование может послужить основой для дальнейшего развития законодательства в направлениях его адаптации к перспективам распространения и применения смарт-контрак-тов в гражданском и коммерческом обороте, а также для углубленного анализа практики применения смарт-контрактов с точки зрения имеющихся неразрешенных проблем точной передачи воли сторон в программный код (перевода конкретных терминов с юридического языка в программный код смарт-контракта), электронной идентификации субъектов - сторон транзакции и многих других.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>блокчейн</kwd><kwd>гражданское право</kwd><kwd>договор</kwd><kwd>договорное право</kwd><kwd>информационные технологии</kwd><kwd>коммерческое право</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>программный код</kwd><kwd>смарт-контракт</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>blockchain</kwd><kwd>civil law</kwd><kwd>commercial law</kwd><kwd>contract law</kwd><kwd>contract</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>information technologies</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>program code</kwd><kwd>smart contract</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleksieva, V., Valchanov, H., &amp; Huliyan, A. 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