digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2023.43cmvqzxdigitallaw-309Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИEmploying the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Impose Universal Jurisdiction Regarding Cyber-TerrorismПрименение концепции «обязанность защищать» (R2P) для введения универсальной юрисдикции в отношении кибертерроризмаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-1337АбделькаримЯ. А.AbdelkarimYa. A.

Абделькарим Яссин Абдалла - судья, суд общей юрисдикции в Луксор.

82516, Сохаг, Мадинат Нассер, ул. Ахмим Сохаг, Нью Касалови Хотел

Yassin A. Abdelkarim - Judge, Luxor Elementary Court.

New Casalovy Hotel Street, Akhmim Sohag Street, Madinat Nasser, 82516, Sohag

yassinabdelkarim91@gmail.comСуд общей юрисдикции в ЛуксореЕгипетLuxor Elementary CourtEgypt202315122023149941027Copyright © Abdelkarim Y.A., 20232023Абделькарим Я.А.Abdelkarim Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/309Objective

Objective: the development of wireless technologies and digital infrastructure has radically changed the human habitat, giving rise to a new type of space -a cyberspace. The uniqueness and peculiarities of this environment, including anonymity, boundlessness and problems related to the determination and establishment of jurisdiction, have become a breeding ground for the emergence of a new global threat - cyberterrorism. The latter is characterized by a high level of latency, low detection rate and incomparably greater danger than “real world” crimes. Countering new forms of crime has required the development of universal tools that overcome the limitations of traditional jurisdiction and allow states to prosecute terrorists in cyberspace. Identifying the relevant tools and identifying the political-legal obstacles to their implementation is the objective of this study. 

Methods

Methods: to achieve the set goal the formal-legal method was used to analyze legal sources, including judicial practice, national legislation, and international acts. The doctrinal approach was also used, which allowed, on the basis of scientific works and theoretical constructions, explaining the complexity of the modern phenomena and predicting their future development. This said, the main focus is on criminals to prove their antagonism with humanity in accordance with theoretical views. Finally, the study analyzes the theories of universal and traditional jurisdiction and how they are applied to prosecute terrorists.

Results

Results: the paper provides a critical analysis, reviewing and adapting the concept of jurisdiction as applied to a global, borderless and decentralized digital environment (cyberspace) and to the struggle against new forms of terrorism (cyberterrorism). Various jurisdictional models applicable in cyberspace are presented. The author bridges the gap between the main branches of law: international private law and public law by linking, in relation to cyberterrorism, the two theories: the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) theory and the application of universal jurisdiction. The trends of universal jurisdiction development are revealed.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the study develops the accumulated scientific knowledge while justifying the introduction of foreign jurisdiction in a state territory to prosecute cyberterrorists. It also establishes a link between the theory of universal jurisdiction in private international law and the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) theory in public international law, recognizing the latter as a relevant basis for the introduction of universal jurisdiction over cyberterrorism. Such traditional concepts as sovereignty and jurisdictional independence are reviewed. The gap related to the consideration of cyberterrorism as a crime against humanity in international law is bridged.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the implementation of the proposed conclusions will contribute to the strengthening of international prosecution of cyberterrorism and harmonize the international and national legal tools to struggle against this crime.

Цель

Цель: развитие беспроводных технологий и цифровой инфраструктуры радикальным образом изменило среду обитания человечества, порождая новый тип пространства - киберпространство. Уникальность и особенности этой среды, включая анонимность, безграничность, проблемы, связанные с определением и установлением юрисдикции, стали питательной средой для появления новой глобальной угрозы - кибертерроризма, характеризующегося высоким уровнем латентности, низким уровнем раскрываемости и несравнимо большей опасностью, нежели преступления «в реальном мире». Противодействие новым формам преступности потребовало разработки универсальных инструментов, преодолевающих ограничения традиционной юрисдикции и позволяющих государствам преследовать террористов в киберпространстве. Определение соответствующих инструментов и выявление препятствий политико-юридического характера по их реализации является целью проведенного исследования.

Методы

Методы: для достижения поставленной цели используется, прежде всего, формально-юридический метод, применяемый для анализа правовых источников, к которым относятся судебная практика, национальное законодательство и международные акты. Также был задействован доктринальный подход, позволивший на основе научных трудов и теоретических конструкций объяснить сложность новых явлений современного мира и спрогнозировать их развитие в будущем. Основное внимание при этом уделяется стороне преступника, чтобы доказать ее антагонизм с человечеством в соответствии с теоретическими взглядами. Наконец, в исследовании анализируются теории универсальной и традиционной юрисдикции, а также то, как они применяются для преследования террористов.

Результаты

Результаты: в работе дается критический анализ переосмысления и адаптации концепции юрисдикции применительно к глобальной, безграничной и децентрализованной цифровой среде (киберпространство) и противодействию новым формам терроризма (кибертерроризм); приводятся различные юрисдикционные модели, применимые в киберпространстве; преодолевается разрыв между основными отраслями права: международным частным и публичным правом - путем установления взаимосвязи в отношении к кибертерроризму двух теорий: концепций «обязанности защищать» (R2P) и применения универсальной юрисдикции; выявлены тенденции развития универсальной юрисдикции.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: исследование развивает накопленные научные знания в части обоснования введения иностранной юрисдикции на территории государства для преследования кибертеррористов; устанавливается связь между теориями универсальной юрисдикции в международном частном праве и «обязанностью защищать» (R2P) в международном публичном праве; при этом последняя признается в качестве пригодной основы для введения универсальной юрисдикции в отношении кибертерроризма; переосмысливаются такие традиционные понятия, как суверенитет и юрисдикционная независимость. Устраняется пробел в знаниях, связанных с рассмотрением кибертерроризма как преступления против человечности в международном праве.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: реализация предложенных выводов будет способствовать усилению международного преследования кибертерроризма; гармонизации международного и внутригосударственного правового инструментария в отношении данного преступления.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.