<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2023.29</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">nfwlyf</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-236</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Sovereignty vs. Digital Sovereignty</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Суверенитет и цифровой суверенитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6324-4665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Роблес-Каррильо</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Robles-Carrillo</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарита Роблес-Каррильо – доктор наук, профессор международного и европейского права</p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57203316304" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57203316304 </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ADD-1696-2022" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ADD-1696-2022 </ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=PSUjIYgAAAAJ</p><p>г. Гранада, Университетская площадь, 1, CP:18071</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Margarita Robles-Carrillo – PhD, Full Professor of International Law and European Law</p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57203316304" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57203316304 </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ADD-1696-2022" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/ADD-1696-2022 </ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=PSUjIYgAAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=PSUjIYgAAAAJ</ext-link></p><p>Plaza de la Universidad, 1, CP:18071, Granada</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mrobles@ugr.es</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Гранадский университет</institution><country>Испания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Granada</institution><country>Spain</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>673</fpage><lpage>690</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Robles-Carrillo M., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Роблес-Каррильо М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Robles-Carrillo M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/236">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/236</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between sovereignty and digital sovereignty in order to determine whether they are linked or autonomous concepts and in which cases and to what extent there is or is not a connection between the two categories.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the methodology is based on the analysis of international, European and national practice and scientific discourse, taking into account sovereignty and digital sovereignty from a threefold perspective: contextual, conceptual and functional.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: 1) analysis of the correlation between sovereignty and digital sovereignty showed that both are related concepts; 2) important consequences that digital sovereignty has in the case of States and the European Union are defined: a) there is a substantial difference between sovereignty and digital sovereignty because the former is only applied to States, while the latter is also used in reference to the EU; b) digital sovereignty is not necessarily a consequence or an extension of sovereignty; c) while in the case of States, digital sovereignty is justified as a safeguard of traditional sovereignty, in case of European Union its function must necessarily be different, since the European Union lacks sovereignty.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the analysis of this relationship provides an objective scientific premise for a comprehensive understanding of the idea of digital sovereignty. From the perspective of the context where they operate, as well as their concept and functions, sovereignty and digital sovereignty seem to be autonomous and, in some cases, complementary categories.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the dual functionality of digital sovereignty as a concept attached to national sovereignty and as an autonomous concept helps to explain the use of this category in the case of states and in the case of an organization such as the European Union, as well as the differences in its scope and meaning in each scenario.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: анализ взаимоотношений между суверенитетом и цифровым суверенитетом и определение того, являются ли они взаимосвязанными или независимыми понятиями, а также в каких случаях и в какой степени прослеживается связь между данными категориями.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: методология основана на анализе международной, европейской и государственной практики и научного дискурса, рассматривающего суверенитет и цифровой суверенитет с трех точек зрения: контекстуальной, концептуальной и функциональной.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: 1) анализ корреляции между суверенитетом и цифровым суверенитетом показал, что эти понятия взаимосвязаны; 2) определены важные следствия цифрового суверенитета для государств и Евросоюза в целом, а именно: а) между суверенитетом и цифровым суверенитетом существуют значительные отличия, поскольку первый относится только к государствам, тогда как второе понятие используется также по отношению к Евросоюзу; б) цифровой суверенитет не обязательно является следствием или продолжением обычного суверенитета; в) в случае отдельных государств цифровой суверенитет оправдан в качестве гарантии традиционного суверенитета, тогда как в случае Евросоюза его функция должна быть иной, поскольку Евросоюз не обладает суверенитетом.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: анализ данных взаимоотношений дает объективную научную базу для глубокого понимания концепции цифрового суверенитета. С точки зрения контекста, в котором действуют суверенитет и цифровой суверенитет, а также их концепций и функций эти категории представляются независимыми и в некоторых случаях взаимодополняющими.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: дуальная функциональность цифрового суверенитета как понятия, тесно связанного с государственным суверенитетом, и как независимого понятия помогает объяснить использование этой категории по отношению к отдельным государствам и по отношению к такой организации, как Европейский союз, а также различия в масштабах и значении каждого из этих сценариев.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Безопасность</kwd><kwd>государственная власть</kwd><kwd>защищенность</kwd><kwd>контекст</kwd><kwd>концепция</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>суверенитет</kwd><kwd>функции</kwd><kwd>цифровая трансформация</kwd><kwd>цифровой суверенитет</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Concept</kwd><kwd>context</kwd><kwd>digital sovereignty</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>digital transformation</kwd><kwd>functions</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>security</kwd><kwd>sovereignty</kwd><kwd>state power</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства экономики и конкурентоспособности Правительства Испании в рамках проекта TIN2017-83494-R Европейского фонда регионального развития</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work is supported by the Spanish Government-MINECO (Ministerio de Econom ́ıa y Competitividad), using the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), under Project TIN2017-83494-R.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brack, N., Coman, R., &amp; Crespy, A. (2019). Unpacking old and new conflicts of sovereignty in the European polity. Journal of European Integration, 41(7), 817–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1665657</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brack, N., Coman, R., &amp; Crespy, A. (2019). Unpacking old and new conflicts of sovereignty in the European polity. Journal of European Integration, 41(7), 817–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1665657</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budnitsky, S., &amp; Jia, L. (2018). Branding Internet sovereignty: Digital media and the Chinese–Russian cyberalliance. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(5), 594–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budnitsky, S., &amp; Jia, L. (2018). Branding Internet sovereignty: Digital media and the Chinese–Russian cyberalliance. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(5), 594–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crespi, F., Caravellla, S., Menghini, M., &amp; Salvatori, Ch. (2021). European Technological Sovereignty: An Emerging Framework for Policy Strategy. Intereconomics. Review of European Economic Policy, 56(6), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1013-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crespi, F., Caravellla, S., Menghini, M., &amp; Salvatori, Ch. (2021). European Technological Sovereignty: An Emerging Framework for Policy Strategy. Intereconomics. Review of European Economic Policy, 56(6), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1013-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chander, A., &amp; Sun, H. (2021). Sovereignty 2.0. Georgetown University Law Center. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904949</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chander, A., &amp; Sun, H. (2021). Sovereignty 2.0. Georgetown University Law Center. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3904949</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christakis, T. (2020). “European Digital Sovereignty”: Successfully Navigating Between the Brussels Effect and Europe’s Quest for Strategic Autonomy. Studies of Digital Governance. Data institute. Université Grenoble Alpes. https://ai-regulation.com/european-digital-sovereignty-successfully-navigating-betweenthe-brussels-effect-and-europes-quest-for-strategic-autonomy/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christakis, T. (2020). “European Digital Sovereignty”: Successfully Navigating Between the Brussels Effect and Europe’s Quest for Strategic Autonomy. Studies of Digital Governance. Data institute. Université Grenoble Alpes. https://ai-regulation.com/european-digital-sovereignty-successfully-navigating-betweenthe- brussels-effect-and-europes-quest-for-strategic-autonomy/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elms, D. (2021). Digital Sovereignty: protectionism or autonomy. Hinrich foundation, Asian Trade Centre.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elms, D. (2021). Digital Sovereignty: protectionism or autonomy. Hinrich foundation, Asian Trade Centre.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabiano, N. (2020). Digital Sovereignty Between “Accountability” and the Value of Personal Data. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 5(3), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabiano, N. (2020). Digital Sovereignty Between “Accountability” and the Value of Personal Data. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 5(3), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flonk, D., Jachtenfuchs, M., &amp; Obendiek, A. (2020). Authority conflicts in internet governance: Liberals vs. sovereigntists? Global Constitutionalism, 9(2), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000167</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flonk, D., Jachtenfuchs, M., &amp; Obendiek, A. (2020). Authority conflicts in internet governance: Liberals vs. sovereigntists? Global Constitutionalism, 9(2), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045381720000167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floridi, L. (2020). The Fight for Digital Sovereignty: What It Is, and Why It Matters, especially for the EU. Philosophy &amp; Technology, 33, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00423-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floridi, L. (2020). The Fight for Digital Sovereignty: What It Is, and Why It Matters, especially for the EU. Philosophy &amp; Technology, 33, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00423-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franzese, P. W. (2009). Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Can it exist? The Air Force Law Review; Maxwell AFB, 64, 1–42. https://www.proquest.com/docview/195182873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franzese, P. W. (2009). Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Can it exist? The Air Force Law Review; Maxwell AFB, 64, 1–42. https://www.proquest.com/docview/195182873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heller, K. J. (2021). In Defense of Pure Sovereignty in Cyberspace. International Law Studies, 97, 1432–1499. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2987&amp;context=ils</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heller, K. J. (2021). In Defense of Pure Sovereignty in Cyberspace. International Law Studies, 97, 1432–1499. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2987&amp;context=ils</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Irion, K., Burri, M., Kolk, A., &amp; Milan, S. (2021). Governing “European values” inside data flows: interdisciplinary perspectives. Internet Policy Review, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1582</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Irion, K., Burri, M., Kolk, A., &amp; Milan, S. (2021). Governing “European values” inside data flows: interdisciplinary perspectives. Internet Policy Review, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1582</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiangyu, W., &amp; Huaer, Che. (2022). China’s Approach to International Law: From Traditional Westphalianism to Aggressive Instrumentalism in the Xi Jinping Era. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, 10(1), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxac020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiangyu, W., &amp; Huaer, Che. (2022). China’s Approach to International Law: From Traditional Westphalianism to Aggressive Instrumentalism in the Xi Jinping Era. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, 10(1), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxac020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaloudis, M. (2021). Digital sovereignty – European Union’s action plan needs a common understanding to succeed. History Compass, 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12698</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaloudis, M. (2021). Digital sovereignty – European Union’s action plan needs a common understanding to succeed. History Compass, 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12698</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mainwaring, S. (2020). Always in control? Sovereign states in cyberspace. European Journal of International Security, 5(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2020.4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mainwaring, S. (2020). Always in control? Sovereign states in cyberspace. European Journal of International Security, 5(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2020.4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueller, M. L. (2020). Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace. International Studies Review, 22(4), 779–801. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueller, M. L. (2020). Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace. International Studies Review, 22(4), 779–801. https:// doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pohle, J., &amp; Thiel, T. (2020). Digital sovereignty. Internet Policy Review, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1532</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pohle, J., &amp; Thiel, T. (2020). Digital sovereignty. Internet Policy Review, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1532</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posch, R. (2015). Digital Sovereignty and IT-Security for a Prosperous Society. En Werthner, H. y Van Harmelen, F. Informatics in the Future. Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (ECSS 2015). Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posch, R. (2015). Digital Sovereignty and IT-Security for a Prosperous Society. En Werthner, H. y Van Harmelen, F. Informatics in the Future. Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (ECSS 2015). Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Casolari, F., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., &amp; Floridi, L. (2021). Safeguarding European values with digital sovereignty: an analysis of statements and policies. Internet Policy Review, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1575</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Casolari, F., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., &amp; Floridi, L. (2021). Safeguarding European values with digital sovereignty: an analysis of statements and policies. Internet Policy Review, 10(3). https://doi. org/10.14763/2021.3.1575</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruohonen, J. (2021). The Treachery of Images in the Digital Sovereignty Debate. Minds and Machines, 31, 439–456. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.02724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruohonen, J. (2021). The Treachery of Images in the Digital Sovereignty Debate. Minds and Machines, 31, 439–456. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.02724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng, J., Stevens, T., &amp; Chen, Y. (2017). China’s solution to global cyber governance: Unpacking the domestic discourse of “Internet sovereignty”. Politics &amp; Policy, 45(3), 432–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng, J., Stevens, T., &amp; Chen, Y. (2017). China’s solution to global cyber governance: Unpacking the domestic discourse of “Internet sovereignty”. Politics &amp; Policy, 45(3), 432–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
