digitallawJournal of Digital Technologies and LawJournal of Digital Technologies and Law2949-2483Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov10.21202/jdtl.2023.23fetbvudigitallaw-192Research ArticleARTICLESСТАТЬИArtificial Intelligence as an Auxiliary Tool for Limiting Religious Freedom in ChinaИскусственный интеллект как вспомогательный инструмент ограничения религиозной свободы в Китаеhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-6063-0650ШумаковаН. И.ShumakovaN. I.

Шумакова Наталья Игоревна – аспирант кафедры конституционного и административного права

454080, г. Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76

Natalya I. Shumakova – post-graduate student of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law

76 prospekt Lenina, 454080 Chelyabinsk

territoryoflaw@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-3550ТитоваЕ. В.TitovaE. V.

Титова Елена Викторовна – доктор юридических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой конституционного и административного права, директор юридического института

Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57201640405

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=Pqj6OiQAAAAJ

РИНЦ Author ID: https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=451302

454080, г. Челябинск, пр. Ленина, 76

Elena V. Titova – Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Director of Law Institute

Scopus Author ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57201640405

Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=Pqj6OiQAAAAJ

RSCI Author ID: https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=451302

76 prospekt Lenina, 454080 Chelyabinsk

territoryoflaw@mail.ruЮжно-Уральский государственный университет (национальный исследовательский университет)РоссияSouth Ural State University (National Research University)Russian Federation20232006202312540–563Copyright © Shumakova N.I., Titova E.V., 20232023Шумакова Н.И., Титова Е.В.Shumakova N.I., Titova E.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/192Objective

Objective: based on studying the statistics of crimes, national legislation and norms of international law, to give a legal assessment to restrictions of the right to worship implemented with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in China.

Methods

Methods: the methodological basis of the research is the set of methods of scientific cognition, including specific sociological (analysis of statistical data and other documents), formal-legal (examining legal categories and definitions), formal-logical (analysis and synthesis), general scientific (induction, deduction), and other methods.

Results

Results: the work researches prerequisites for using artificial intelligence technologies in China to control public relations arising during religious activity both in the digital space and beyond; analyzes the legal framework of the measures implemented; gives a legal assessment to restrictions of the religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies; forecasts the further development of Chinese legislation and foreign policy associated with religious freedom. Additionally, the work analyzes materials of human rights organizations aimed at hindering the Chinese policy of “sinicisation” and “de-extremification” of ethnic and religious minorities, including with the help of control and propaganda using modern digital technologies.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the work researches the attempt of China to regulate the challenges related to religious activity, arising during rapid digitalization of the society and state, which the Republic faces being a developing, multinational and polyconfessional country. The established restrictions of religious freedom using artificial intelligence technologies are considered along with the relevant criminal statistics. The legal assessment of using artificial intelligence as a tool for restricting the right to worship is given from the standpoint of international law, as well as with the account of Chinese national legislation.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the research results can be used to elaborate a consistent legal framework for using artificial intelligence technologies to counteract extremism.

Цель

Цель: на основании изучения статистики преступлений, национального законодательства и норм международного права дать правовую оценку ограничениям права на свободу вероисповедания с применением технологий искусственного интеллекта в Китае.

Методы

Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность методов научного познания, в том числе конкретно-социологический (анализ статистических данных и иных документов), формально-юридический (изучение правовых категорий и дефиниций), формально-логические методы (анализ и синтез), общенаучные методы (индукция, дедукция) и др.

Результаты

Результаты: в работе изучены предпосылки использования в Китае технологий искусственного интеллекта для контроля за общественными отношениями, возникающими в процессе религиозной активности как в цифровом пространстве, так и за его пределами; проанализирована правовая база применения указанных мер; дана правовая оценка ограничения религиозной свободы с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта; сделан прогноз дальнейшего развития китайских законодательства и внешней политики, связанных с религиозной свободой. Дополнительно в работе проанализированы материалы правозащитных организаций, направленных на сдерживание политики КНР по «китаизации» и «деэкстремификации» этнических и религиозных меньшинств, в том числе при помощи контроля и пропаганды с использованием современных цифровых технологий.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: в работе исследована попытка Китая урегулировать связанные с религиозной активностью вызовы, возникающие в процессе стремительной цифровизации общества и государства, с которыми республика сталкивается как развивающаяся, многонациональная и поликофессиональная страна. Установленные ограничения религиозной свободы с применением технологий искусственного интеллекта рассмотрены в комплексе с релевантной статистикой преступлений. Правовая оценка применения искусственного интеллекта как инструмента ограничения свободы вероисповедания дана не только с точки зрения международного права, но и с учетом норм китайского национального законодательства.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: результаты проведенного исследования могут быть использованы для разработки непротиворечивой нормативной правовой базы для использования технологий искусственного интеллекта в целях противоборства экстремизму.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.