<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2023.15</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">immoam</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-184</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Future of the Artificial Intelligence:  Object of Law or Legal Personality?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Будущее искусственного интеллекта: объект или субъект права?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1773-5268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филипова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filipova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Филипова Ирина Анатольевна – кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры трудового и экологического права; руководитель Центрально-Азиатского исследовательского центра регулирования искусственного интеллекта</p><p>Scopus Author ID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000</ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/R-1375-2016" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/R-1375-2016</ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/R-1375-2016" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=opJc7fcAAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=opJc7fcAAAAJ </ext-link>                                            </p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=461586" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=461586</ext-link></p><p>603922, г. Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p><p>140104, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд, Университетский бульвар, 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Filipova – Candidate of Sciences in Jurisprudence, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Labor Law and Environmental Law; Head of Central Asia research center for artificial intelligence regulation</p><p>Scopus Author ID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57327205000 </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/R-1375-2016" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/R-1375-2016</ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=opJc7fcAAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=opJc7fcAAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=opJc7fcAAAAJ </ext-link></p><p>RSCI Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=461586" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=461586</ext-link></p><p>23 prospekt Gagarina, Nizhniy Novgorod 603922</p><p>15 Universitetskiy boulevard, Samarkand 140104, Republic of Uzbekistan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinafilipova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4182-2411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коротеев</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koroteev</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коротеев Вадим Дмитриевич – студент 4-го курса юридического факультета</p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IAP-5405-2023" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IAP-5405-2023</ext-link></p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1198439" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1198439</ext-link></p><p>603922, г. Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim D. Koroteev – 4th year student of Law Faculty</p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID:</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IAP-5405-2023" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/IAP-5405-2023</ext-link></p><p>RSCI Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1198439" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1198439</ext-link></p><p>23 prospekt Gagarina, Nizhniy Novgorod 603922</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">redsert87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет  имени Н. И. Лобачевского; Самаркандский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod; Samarkand State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет  имени Н. И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>359–386</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Filipova I.A., Koroteev V.D., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филипова И.А., Коротеев В.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filipova I.A., Koroteev V.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/184">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/184</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to reveal the problems associated with legal regulation of public relations, in which artificial intelligence systems are used, and to rationally comprehend the possibility of endowing such systems with a legal subject status, which is being discussed by legal scientists.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the methodological basis of the research are the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, analogy, abstraction and classification. Among the legal methods primarily applied in the work are formal-legal, comparative-legal and systemic-structural methods, as well as the methods of law interpretation and legal modeling.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the authors present a review of the state of artificial intelligence development and its introduction into practice by the time of the research. Legal framework in this sphere is considered; the key current concepts of endowing artificial intelligence with a legal personality (individual, collective and gradient legal personality of artificial intelligence) are reviewed. Each approach is assessed; conclusions are made as to the most preferable </p><p>amendments in the current legislation, which ceases to correspond to the reality. The growing inconsistency is due to the accelerated development of artificial intelligence and its spreading in various sectors of economy, social sphere, and in the nearest future – in public management. All this testifies to the increased risk of a break between legal matter and the changing social reality.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: scientific approaches are classified which endow artificial intelligence with a legal personality. Within each approach, the key moments are identified, the use of which will allow in the future creating legal constructs based on combinations, avoiding extremes and observing the balance between the interests of all parties. The optimal variant to define the legal status of artificial intelligence might be to include intellectual systems into a list of civil rights objects, but differentiating the legal regulation of artificial intelligence as an object of law and an “electronic agent” as a quasi subject of law. The demarcation line should be drawn depending on the functional differences between intellectual systems, while not only a robot but also a virtual intellectual system can be considered an “electronic agent”.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the research materials can be used when preparing proposals for making amendments and additions to the current legislation, as well as when elaborating academic course and writing tutorials on the topics related to regulation of using artificial intelligence.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: выявление проблем, связанных с правовым регулированием общественных отношений, в которых используются системы искусственного интеллекта, и рациональное осмысление обсуждаемой правоведами возможности наделения таких систем статусом субъекта права.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: методологической основой исследования являются общенаучные методы анализа и синтеза, аналогии, абстрагирования и классификации. Среди преимущественно применяемых в работе юридических методов – формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой и системно-структурный, а также методы толкования права и правового моделирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: представлен обзор состояния развития искусственного интеллекта и его внедрения на практике ко времени проведения исследования. Рассмотрено нормативно-правовое регулирование в данной области и разобраны основные из существующих концепций наделения искусственного интеллекта правосубъектностью (индивидуальная, коллективная и градиентная правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта). При этом дана оценка каждого из подходов и сделаны выводы о наиболее предпочтительных вариантах внесения изменений </p><p>в действующее законодательство, которое перестает соответствовать реалиям. Растущее несоответствие связано с ускоряющимся развитием искусственного интеллекта и его распространением в различных секторах экономики, социальной сферы, а в ближайшей перспективе и в государственном управлении. Все это свидетельствует о повышении риска разрыва правовой материи с изменяющейся социальной реальностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: классифицированы научные подходы к наделению искусственного интеллекта правосубъектностью. В рамках каждого из подходов выделены ключевые моменты, использование которых позволит в дальнейшем создавать правовые конструкции на основе комбинирования, уходя от крайностей и соблюдая баланс интересов всех сторон. Оптимальным вариантом определения правового статуса искусственного интеллекта может стать внесение интеллектуальных систем в перечень объектов гражданских прав, но с дифференциацией правового регулирования искусственного интеллекта в качестве объекта права и «электронного агента» как квазисубъекта права. Линия разграничения должна проходить в зависимости от функциональных различий интеллектуальных систем, причем «электронным агентом» может быть признан не только робот, но и виртуальная интеллектуальная система.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: материалы исследования могут быть применены в работе, связанной с подготовкой предложений по внесению изменений и дополнений в действующее законодательство, а также при разработке учебных курсов и написании учебных пособий по тематике, имеющей отношение к регулированию использования искусственного интеллекта.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Генеративная модель</kwd><kwd>интеллектуальная система</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>квазисубъект права</kwd><kwd>киберфизическая система</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>правосубъектность</kwd><kwd>робот</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>электронное лицо</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>cyberphysical system</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>electronic person</kwd><kwd>generative model</kwd><kwd>intellectual system</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>legal personality</kwd><kwd>quasi subject of law</kwd><kwd>robot</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев, А. Ю., Алексеева, Е. А., Емельянова, Н. Н. (2023). Искусственная личность в социальнополитической коммуникации. Искусственные общества, 18(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024370-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbott, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot. Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архипов, В. В., Наумов, В. Б. (2017). О некоторых вопросах теоретических оснований развития законодательства о робототехнике: аспекты воли и правосубъектности. Закон, 5, 157–170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev, A., Alekseeva, E., &amp; Emelyanova, N. (2023). Artificial Personality in socio-political communication. Artificial Societies, 18(1). (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024370-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вавилин, Е. В. (2022). Статус искусственного интеллекта: от объекта к субъекту правовых отношений. Вестник Томского государственного университета. Право, 45, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.17223/22253513/45/10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkhipov, V. V., &amp; Naumov, V. B. (2017). On certain issues of theoretic grounds for development of robotics legislation: the aspects of will and legal personality. Statute, 5, 157–170. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Василевская, Л. Ю., Подузова, Е. Б., Тасалов, Ф. А. (2021). Цифровизация гражданского оборота: правовая характеристика «искусственного интеллекта» и «цифровых» субъектов (цивилистическое исследование) (В 5 т. Т. 3). Москва: Проспект.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashley, K. D. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics: New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринь, С. Н. (2018). Эмансипация роботов: элементы правосубъектности в конструкции искусственного интеллекта. Бизнес. Общество. Власть, 1(27), 233–242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avila Negri, S. M. C. (2021). Robot as Legal Person: Electronic Personhood in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, Art. 789327.  https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.789327</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дремлюга, Р. И., Дремлюга, О. А. (2019). Искусственный интеллект – субъект права: аргументы за и против. Правовая политика и правовая жизнь, 2, 120–125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balkin, J. M. (2015).The Path of Robotics Law. California Law Review, 6, 45–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ладенков, Н. Е. (2021). Модели наделения искусственного интеллекта правосубъектностью. Вестник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта. Серия: Гуманитарные и общественные науки, 3, 12–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertolini, A., &amp; Episcopo, F. (2022). Robots and AI as Legal Subjects? Disentangling the Ontological and Functional Perspective. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9, Art. 842213. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.842213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лаптев, В. А. (2019). Понятие искусственного интеллекта и юридическая ответственность за его работу.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryson, J. J., Diamantis, M. E., &amp; Grant, Th. D. (2017). Of, For, and By the People: The Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25, 273–291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 2, 79–102. https://doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2019.2.79.102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calo, R. (2015). Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw. California Law Review, 103(3), 513–563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морхат, П. М. (2018a). Правосубъектность юнита искусственного интеллекта: некоторые гражданскоправовые подходы. Вестник КГУ, 3, 280–283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Channov, S. E. (2022). Robot (Artificial Intelligence System) as a Subject (Quasi-Subject) of Law. Actual Problems of Russian Law, 17(12), 94–109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.145.12.094-109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морхат, П. М. (2018b). Юнит искусственного интеллекта как электронное лицо. Вестник МГОУ. Серия: Юриспруденция, 2, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-6794-2018-2-61-73</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chesterman, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality. International &amp; Comparative Law Quarterly, 69, 819–844.  https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000366</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мусина, К. С. (2023). Идентификация правосубъектности искусственного интеллекта: кросснациональный анализ законодательств зарубежных стран. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки, 27(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-1-135-147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chopra, S., &amp; White, L. (2004). Artificial Agents – Personhood in Law and Philosophy. In Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI’2004, including Prestigious Applicants of Intelligent Systems, PAIS 2004 (pp. 635–639). Valencia: IOS Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумов, В. Б., Архипов, В. В. (2017). Проект Федерального закона «О внесении изменений в Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации в части совершенствования правового регулирования отношений в области робототехники». В сб.: Н. А. Шевелёва (ред.), Право и информация: вопросы теории и практики: сборник материалов VII Международной научно-практической конференции. Сер. «Электронное законодательство», 7 (с. 220–226). Санкт-Петербург: Президентская бибилиотека.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dremliuga, R. I., &amp; Dremliuga, O. A. (2019). Artificial intelligence – a legal person: the arguments for and against. Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn, 2, 120–125. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нечкин, А. В. (2020). Конституционно-правовой статус искусственного интеллекта в России: настоящее и будущее. Lex Russica, 8(165), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.165.8.078-085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gellers, J. C. (2021). Rights for Robots. Artificial Intelligence, Animal and Environmental Law. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петев, Н. И. (2022). Экзистенциальная, правовая и этическая проблемы искусственного интеллекта. Векторы благополучия: экономика и социум, 2(45), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.18799/26584956/2022/2/1159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenstein, S. (2022). Preserving the rule of law in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial Intelligence and Law, 30, 291–323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Понкин, И. В., Редькина, А. И. (2018). Искусственный интеллект с точки зрения права. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки, 1, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.22363/23132337-2018-22-1-91-109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grin, S. N. (2018). Robots’ emancipation: elements of legal personhood in the construct of artificial intelligence. Biznes. Obshchestvo. Vlast, 1(27), 233–242. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова, А. В. (2018). Новые субъекты информационного общества и общества знания: к вопросу о нормативном правовом регулировании. Журнал российского права, 11(263), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.12737/art_2018_11_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hárs, A. (2022). AI and international law – Legal personality and avenues for regulation. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 62(4), 320–344. https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Санфилиппо, Ч. (2007). Курс римского частного права: учебник (пер. с итал. И. И. Маханькова, под общ. ред. Д. В. Дождева). Москва: Норма, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karnouskos, S. (2022). Symbiosis with artificial intelligence via the prism of law, robots, and society. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 30, 93–115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соменков, С. А. (2019). Искусственный интеллект: от объекта к субъекту?. Вестник Университета имени О. Е. Кутафина, 2(54), 75–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharitonova, Yu. S., Savina, V. S., &amp; Pagnini, F. (2022). Civil liability in the development and application of artificial intelligence and robotic systems: basic approaches. Perm University Herald. Juridical sciences, 4(58), 683–708. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-683-708</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ужов, Ф. В. (2017). Искусственный интеллект как субъект права. Пробелы в российском законодательстве, 3, 357–360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladenkov, N. S. (2021). Models of endowing artificial intelligence with legal personality. Vestnik IKBFU. Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 12–20. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харитонова, Ю. С., Савина, В. С., Паньини, Ф. (2022). Гражданско-правовая ответственность при разработке и применении систем искусственного интеллекта и робототехники: основные подходы. Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, 58, 683–708. https://doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-202258-683-708</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laptev, V. A. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Liability for its Work. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey Shkoly Ekonomiki, 2, 79–102. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2019.2.79.102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чаннов, С. Е. (2022). Робот (система искусственного интеллекта) как субъект (квазисубъект) права. Актуальные проблемы российского права, 17(12), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.17803/19941471.2022.145.12.094-109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarty, L. T. (2017). Finding the Right Balance in Artificial Intelligence and Law. In Research Handbook on the Law of Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 3, pp. 55–87). Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шуткин, С. И. (2020). Возможна ли правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта. Труды по интеллектуальной собственности, 35(1–2), 90–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNally, Ph. &amp; Inayatullah, S. (1988). The Rights of Robots: Technology, Culture and Law in the 21st Century. Futures, 20(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(88)90019-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot. Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mocanu, D. M. (2021). Gradient Legal Personhood for AI Systems – Painting Continental Legal Shapes Made to Fit Analytical Molds. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, Art. 788179. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.788179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashley, K. D. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics: New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age. Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morkhat, P. M. (2018a). Artificial intelligence unit as electronic personality. Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Jurisprudence), 2, 61–73. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-6794-2018-2-61-73</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avila Negri, S. M. C. (2021). Robot as Legal Person: Electronic Personhood in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morkhat, P. M. (2018b). Legal personality of artificial intelligence unit: some civil-legal approaches. Bulletin of Kostroma State University, 3, 280–283. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, Art. 789327. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.789327</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulgan, T. (2019). Corporate Agency and Possible Futures. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 901–916. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3887-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balkin, J. M. (2015). The Path of Robotics Law. California Law Review, 6, 45–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musina, K. S. (2023). Theoretical aspects of identifying legal personality of artificial intelligence: cross-national analysis of the laws of foreign countries. RUDN Journal of Law, 27(1), 135–147. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-1-135-147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertolini, A., &amp; Episcopo, F. (2022). Robots and AI as Legal Subjects? Disentangling the Ontological and Functional Perspective. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9, Art. 842213. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.842213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumov, V. B., &amp; Arkhipov, V. V. (2017). Draft Federal law “On amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in improving the legal regulation of relations in the field of robotics”. In N. A. Sheveleva (Ed.), Law and Information: the Questions of Theory and Practice: Collection of works of international scientific and practical conference. Saint Petersburg: The Presidential Library. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryson, J. J., Diamantis, M. E., &amp; Grant, Th. D. (2017). Of, For, and By the People: The Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25, 273–291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nechkin, A. V. (2020). Constitutional and Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence in Russia: Present and Future. Lex Russica, 8, 78–85. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.165.8.078-085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calo, R. (2015). Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw. California Law Review, 103(3), 513–563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pagallo, U. (2018). Apples, oranges, robots: four misunderstandings in today’s debate on the legal status of AI systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 376(2133), Art. 20180168.  https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chesterman, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality. International &amp; Comparative Law Quarterly, 69, 819–844. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000366</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petev, N. I. (2022). Existential, legal and ethical problems of artificial intelligence. Journal of Wellbeing Technologies, 2(45), 55–70. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18799/26584956/2022/2/1159</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chopra, S., &amp; White, L. (2004). Artificial Agents – Personhood in Law and Philosophy. In Proceedings of the 16th Eureopean Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI’2004, including Prestigious Applicants of Intelligent Systems, PAIS 2004 (pp. 635–639). Valencia: IOS Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponkin, I. V., &amp; Redkina A. I. (2018). Artificial Intelligence from the Point of View of Law. RUDN Journal of Law, 22(1), 91–109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2018-22-1-91-109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gellers, J. C. (2021). Rights for Robots. Artificial Intelligence, Animal and Environmental Law. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova, A. V. (2018). New Subjects of the Information Society and the Knowledge Society: To the Question of Legal Regulation, Journal of Russian Law, 6(11), 14–24. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.12737/art_2018_11_2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenstein, S. (2022). Preserving the rule of law in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial Intelligence and Law, 30, 291–323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanfilippo, Ch. (2007). Course in Roman private law: tutorial (transl. by I. I. Makhankov, D. V. Dozhdev (Ed.)). Moscow: Norma. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hárs, A. (2022). AI and international law – Legal personality and avenues for regulation. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 62(4), 320–344. https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2022.00352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shutkin, S. I. (2020). Is legal personhood of AI possible? Works on Intellectual Property, 35(1–2), 90–137. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karnouskos, S. (2022). Symbiosis with artificial intelligence via the prism of law, robots, and society. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 30, 93–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solaiman, S. M. (2017). Legal Personality of Robots, Corporations, Idols and Chimpanzees: A Quest for Legitimacy. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-016-9192-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarty, L. T. (2017). Finding the Right Balance in Artificial Intelligence and Law. In Research Handbook on the Law of Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 3, pp. 55–87). Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solum, L. B. (1992). Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231–1287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNally, Ph., Inayatullah, S. (1988). The Rights of Robots: Technology, Culture and Law in the 21st Century. Futures, 20(1), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(88)90019-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Somenkov, S. A. (2019). Artificial intelligence: from object to subject? Courier of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University, 2(54), 75–85. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mocanu, D. M. (2021). Gradient Legal Personhood for AI Systems – Painting Continental Legal Shapes Made to Fit Analytical Molds. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, Art. 788179. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.788179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). The coming great transformation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(4), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.05.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulgan, T. (2019). Corporate Agency and Possible Futures. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 901–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3887-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uzhov, F. V. (2017). Legal personality of artificial intelligence. Gaps in Russian Legislation, 3, 357–360. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pagallo, U. (2018). Apples, oranges, robots: four misunderstandings in today’s debate on the legal status of AI systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 376(2133), Art. 20180168. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilevskaya, L. Yu., Poduzova, E. B., &amp; Tasalov, F. A. (2021). Digitalization of civil turnover: legal characteristics of “artificial intelligence” and “digital” subjects (civilistic research) (In 5 vol. Vol. 3). Moscow: Prospect. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solaiman, S. M. (2017). Legal Personality of Robots, Corporations, Idols and Chimpanzees: A Quest for Legitimacy. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-016-9192-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vavilin, E. V. (2022). The status of artificial intelligence: from object to the subject of legal relations. Vestnik Tomskogo</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solum, L. B. (1992). Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231–1287. Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). The coming great transformation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(4), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.05.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Pravo, 45, 147–158. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17223/22253513/45/10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
