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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">digitallaw</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Journal of Digital Technologies and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2483</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan Innovative University named after V. G. Timiryasov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/jdtl.2023.14</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">dxnwhv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">digitallaw-183</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Legal Means of Providing the Principle of Transparency of the Artificial Intelligence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Правовые средства обеспечения принципа прозрачности искусственного интеллекта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-6215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харитонова</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharitonova</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Харитонова Юлия Сергеевна – доктор юридических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры предпринимательского права, руководитель Центра правовых исследований искусственного интеллекта и цифровой экономики</p><p>Scopus Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57316440400" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57316440400 </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/708572</p><p>Google Scholar ID: https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=61mQtb4AAAAJ</p><p>РИНЦ Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=465239" ext-link-type="uri">https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=465239</ext-link></p><p>119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya S. Kharitonova – Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Entrepreneurial Law, Head of the Center for legal research of artificial intelligence and digital economy</p><p>Scopus Author ID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57316440400" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57316440400" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57316440400 </ext-link></p><p>Web of Science Researcher ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/708572" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/708572</ext-link></p><p>Google Scholar ID:<ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=61mQtb4AAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=61mQtb4AAAAJ" ext-link-type="uri">https://scholar.google.ru/citations?user=61mQtb4AAAAJ</ext-link></p><p>RSCI Author ID: <ext-link xlink:href="https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=465239" ext-link-type="uri">https://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=465239</ext-link></p><p>1 Leninskiye gory, 119991 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sovet2009@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>337–358</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kharitonova Y.S., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Харитонова Ю.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kharitonova Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/183">https://www.lawjournal.digital/jour/article/view/183</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to analyze the current technological and legal theories in order to define the content of the transparency principle of the artificial intelligence functioning from the viewpoint of legal regulation, choice of applicable means of legal regulation, and establishing objective limits to legal intervention into the technological sphere through regulatory impact.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: the methodological basis of the research is the set of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific legal (historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods of scientific cognition.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the author critically analyzed the norms and proposals for normative formalization of the artificial intelligence transparency principle from the viewpoint of impossibility to obtain the full technological transparency of artificial intelligence. It is proposed to discuss the variants of managing algorithmic transparency and accountability based on the analysis of social, technical and regulatory problems created by algorithmic systems of artificial intelligence. It is proved that transparency is an indispensible condition to recognize artificial intelligence as trustworthy. It is proved that transparency and explainability of the artificial intelligence technology is essential not only for personal data protection, but also in other situations of automated data processing, when, in order to make a decision, the technological data lacking in the input information are taken from open sources, including those not having the status of a personal data storage. It is proposed to legislatively stipulate the obligatory audit and to introduce a standard, stipulating a compromise between the technology abilities and advantages, accuracy and explainability of its result, and the rights of the participants of civil relations. Introduction of certification of the artificial intelligence models, obligatory for application, will solve the issues of liability of the subjects obliged to apply such systems. In the context of professional liability of professional subjects, such as doctors, militants, or corporate executives of a juridical person, it is necessary to restrict the obligatory application of artificial intelligence if sufficient transparency is not provided.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the interdisciplinary character of the research allowed revealing the impossibility and groundlessness of the requirements to completely disclose the source code or architecture of the artificial intelligence models. The principle of artificial intelligence transparency may be satisfied through elaboration and provision of the right of the data subject and the subject, to whom the decision made as a result of automated data processing is addressed, to reject using automated data processing in decision-making, and the right to object to the decisions made in such a way.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: is due to the actual absence of sufficient regulation of the principle of transparency of artificial intelligence and results of its functioning, as well as the content and features of the implementation of the right to explanation the right to objection of the decision subject. The most fruitful way to establish trust towards artificial intelligence is to recognize this technology as a part of a complex sociotechnical system, which mediates trust, and to improve the reliability of these systems. The main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used to improve the legal mechanism of providing transparency of the artificial intelligence models applied in state governance and business.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: анализ действующих технологических и юридических теорий для определения содержания принципа прозрачности работы искусственного интеллекта с позиции правового регулирования, выбора применимых средств правового регулирования и установление объективных границ юридического вмешательства в технологическую сферу с помощью регулирующего воздействия.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность общенаучных (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция) и специально­юридических (историко­правовой, формально­юридический, сравнительно­правовой) методов научного познания.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: подвергнуты критическому анализу нормы и предложения для нормативного оформления принципа прозрачности искусственного интеллекта с точки зрения невозможности получения полной технологической прозрачности искусственного интеллекта. Выдвинуто предложение обсудить варианты политики управления алгоритмической прозрачностью и подотчетностью на основе анализа социальных, технических и регулятивных проблем, создаваемых алгоритмическими системами искусственного интеллекта. Обосновано, что прозрачность является необходимым условием для признания искусственного интеллекта заслуживающим доверия. Обосновано, что прозрачность и объяснимость технологии искусственного интеллекта важна не только для защиты персональных данных, но и в иных ситуациях автоматизированной обработки данных, когда для принятия решений недостающие из входящей информации технологические данные восполняются из открытых источников, в том числе не имеющих значения хранилищ персональных данных. Предложено законодательно закрепить обязательный аудит и ввести стандарт, закрепляющий компромисс между возможностями и преимуществами технологии, точностью и объяснимостью результата ее работы и правами участников общественных отношений. Введение сертификации моделей искусственного интеллекта, обязательных к применению, позволит решить вопросы ответственности обязанных применять такие системы субъектов. В контексте вопроса о профессиональной ответственности профессиональных субъектов, таких как врачи, военные, органы корпоративного управления юридического лица, требуется ограничить обязательное применение искусственного интеллекта в случаях, если не обеспечена его достаточная прозрачность.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: междисциплинарный характер исследования позволил выявить невозможность и необоснованность требований полного открытия исходного кода или архитектуры моделей искусственного интеллекта. Принцип прозрачности искусственного интеллекта может быть обеспечен за счет проработки и обеспечения права субъекта данных и субъекта, которому адресовано решение, принятое в результате автоматизированной обработки данных, на отказ от применения автоматизированной обработки данных для принятия решений и права на возражения против принятых таким способом решений.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: обусловлена отсутствием в настоящее время достаточного регулирования принципа прозрачности искусственного интеллекта и результатов его работы, а также содержания и особенностей реализации права на объяснение и права на возражение субъекта решения. Наиболее плодотворный путь для установления доверия к искусственному интеллекту заключается в том, чтобы признать данную технологию частью сложной социотехнической системы, которая опосредует доверие, и повышать надежность этих систем. Основные положения и выводы исследования могут быть использованы для совершенствования правового механизма обеспечения прозрачности моделей искусственного интеллекта, применяемых в государственном управлении и бизнесе.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Автоматизированная обработка данных</kwd><kwd>автономность</kwd><kwd>алгоритм</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>право</kwd><kwd>принятие решений</kwd><kwd>прозрачность</kwd><kwd>цифровая экономика</kwd><kwd>цифровые технологии</kwd><kwd>этика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Algorithm</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>automated data processing</kwd><kwd>autonomy</kwd><kwd>decision-making</kwd><kwd>digital economy</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>ethics</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>transparency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьяконова, М. 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